A Rare Case of Multiple Sclerosis in a Pediatric Patient

Date

2022

Authors

Akhtar, Rukaiya
Bui, Priya
Garcia, Joanna

ORCID

Journal Title

Journal ISSN

Volume Title

Publisher

Abstract

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, inflammatory disease primarily affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by demyelination and axonal loss, and results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. While rare, MS can develop in pediatric patients. Diagnosis of MS in pediatric patients can be very difficult as signs and symptoms appear differently in individuals and because it can mimic other diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Case Presentation: The patient is a 5-year-old female who began experiencing symptoms around 3 years old. In March 2020, she presented to the ER with unsteady gait, abnormal behavior, and decreased appetite. Upon completing a lumbar puncture and getting a brain MRI, she was initially diagnosed with ADEM. In the coming months, she was admitted to the ER two more times - once in May and again in June 2020. Each time she presented with different neurological symptoms. During her admission in June, brain imaging taken confirmed lesions consistent with MS and she was diagnosed with MS. Conclusion: Both ADEM and MS are inflammatory disorders of CNS characterized by demyelination. Distinguishing between the two diseases can be challenging as initial signs and symptoms, as well as imaging can look very similar. However, knowing key differences can help in establishing a proper diagnosis. Current treatment strategies include high dose corticosteroids for acute attacks, and disease modifying therapies for long-term treatment. Understanding how MS differs from similar diseases and how pediatric MS varies from adult MS is critical for proper diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, while there is increasing recognition of pediatric MS, there is a need for more research and literature in this field to raise awareness and better diagnose, treat, and manage this disease.

Description

Keywords

Citation