Psychology
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12503/21667
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Browsing Psychology by Author "Fulda, Kimberly"
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Item Gender Related Differences In Emotional Eating and Its Role In Obesity(2018-03-14) Franks, Susan; Tiu, Cindy BS; Goyer, Alexandria BS; Fulda, Kimberly; Williams, TrevorBackground: Obesity rates have increased and are linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality, making it an important focus among health professionals. Current evidence shows that people who have high stress levels tend to be overweight and have higher rates of emotional eating (EE). To date, little is known about gender differences in EE. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether or not there are gender differences in EE and if it is tied to obesity. Methods: 97 participants with an average BMI of 25.19kg/m2 (sd=12.86) and average age of 30.78 years completed a self-report survey that assessed the participant’s level of stress and EE. Subjects were categorized into high and low EE based on a mean split, where lower values indicated a higher degree of EE. Chi square analysis was used to compare high and low EE by gender. Pearson correlation was used to determine association between EE and state anxiety for men and women. Independent samples t-tests were used to analyze differences in EE by BMI (normal weight versus overweight/obese) stratified by gender. Results: Out of the 97 participants, 39% were overweight/obese. 56% were white/Caucasian, 28% were Asian, 8% were Hispanic, 8% were other. 54% were male and 56% were female. EE significantly differed by gender (x2=.001). Among women, 63.0% had high rates of EE. Among men, 27.9% had high rates of EE. Anxiety and EE were significantly correlated for women (p=.029) and men (p=.046). When comparing the overweight/obese individuals in each gender, EE was higher in overweight/obese women (mean=77.87, sd=19.98) as compared to normal weight women (mean=89.16, sd=14.84) (t=2.256, p=.028). There was no significant difference in EE between overweight men (mean=93.5, sd=15.86) and normal weight men (mean=98.63, sd=11.5) (t=1.168, p=.250). Conclusion: More women than men reported EE. EE was higher in normal weight than overweight women but not between normal and overweight men. Clinicians should be aware of the factors related to EE in order to provide targeted interventions to prevent obesity and promote weight loss, especially in women who emotionally eat.Item Parent’s Perception of Adolescents Health in Association with Child Reported Depression among Mexican American Children 10-14 Years of Age(2018-03-14) Espinoza, Anna; Fulda, Kimberly; Franks, Susan; Muzaffar, OmairPurpose: Depression in children is frequent and represents a challenge to be recognized by both the family and the primary care physician. Many parents are unaware of their child’s depression and may not recognize the symptoms, and primary care physicians do not routinely screen for depression in children. Providing a connection between the family, physician, and child to recognize depression is important. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between parent’s perception of their child’s health and child reported depression among Mexican American children 10-14 years of age. Methods: One hundred and forty-four Mexican American children ages 10-14 and a parent/legal guardian participated in a cross-sectional study. Child participants completed depression screening using the child report Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI 2: Self-Report Short Version). Regression analyses were performed. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed. The dependent variable was child report depression screening (average/lower and high average/elevated/very elevated), and the primary independent variable was parent reported perception of the child’s health (fair/poor or good/very good/excellent). The adjusted model controlled for family income, marital status of primary care giver, highest grade completed by anyone in the household, child age, and child gender. Results: There were 74 (51.4%) male children, and the mean age was 11.97 (sd=1.45). Thirty (20.80%) of children screened high for depression, and parents reported fair/poor health for 11 (7.6%) of children. Children were more likely to screen high for depression if their parents reported their health as fair/poor [OR=11.85, (95% CI:2.65-53.05)] or if they were female [OR=3.58, (95% CI:1.37-9.35)] in the adjusted model. Conclusion: Parents perception of their child’s health is associated with child self screening high for depression. Including a simple question about how a parent rates their child’s health could provide clinical utility for primary care physicians.Item Personal, Psychological, and Family History Risk Factors for Emotional Eating Related to Obesity(2018-03-14) Franks, Susan; Williams, Trevor; Goyer, Alexandria; Muzaffar, Omair; Fulda, Kimberly; Tiu, CindyPurpose: The concept that emotion strongly influences eating, referred to as “emotional eating” (EE), recently gained interest. Previous evidence suggested that overeating by overweight individuals reduces anxiety. The obesity literature indicated EE significantly differentiates obese from normal weight individuals. However, little is known about what other factors contribute to EE. This study aims to better understand risk factors that might be associated with EE. We anticipated that people with higher EE would be more likely to have family histories of anxiety or obesity, and would have more anxiety and stress, poorer coping skills, and higher BMI than people with lower EE. Methods: Participants included adult men and women (n=97) with an average age of 30.78 years (sd=12.86) and an average BMI of 25.19 kg/m2(sd=5.69). Surveys included demographics, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure state ANX, and the Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress to measure STR, EE, and COP.Subjects were categorized into higher and lower EE based on a mean split. Chi-square analysis was used to analyze differences in EE for FH of obesity and FH of anxiety. T-tests were used to analyze differences between high and low EE for ANX, STR, COP, and BMI. Results: FH of obesity differed significantly by EE(x2=.009). Among high EE, 46.7% had a FH of obesity whereas among low EE 27.9% had a FH of obesity. FH of anxiety differed significantly by EE (x2=.045). Among high EE, 47.8% had a FH of anxiety whereas among low EE 28.0% had a FH of anxiety. When comparing individuals with high and low EE, state anxiety was higher for high EE (mean=36.09, sd=10.47) as compared to low EE (mean=31.28, sd=9.24) (t=2.41, p=.018). Stress was higher for high EE (mean=12.72, sd=3.11) as compared to low EE (mean=13.92, sd=2.89) (t= -1.98, p=.051). Coping was lower for high EE (mean=78.24, sd=8.57) as compared to low EE (mean=82.90, sd=9.21) (t= -2.57, p=.012). BMI was higher for high EE (mean=26.52, sd=7.02) as compared to low EE (mean=23.99, sd=3.87) (t= 2.22, p=.029). Conclusions: EE is more likely with higher anxiety and poor coping skills. Additionally, a FH of obesity or anxiety appears to put individuals at risk for EE. Clinicians should be aware of the factors related to EE in order to identify patients who may be emotional eaters and provide targeted interventions in order to prevent obesity and promote weight loss.