Health Disparities
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12503/30440
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Browsing Health Disparities by Author "Xavier, Christy"
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Item Covid-19 Case and Mortality Trends across Incarcerated Populations in the U.S.(2021) Jodray, Megan; Xavier, Christy; Rasu, RafiaPurpose: Explore case and mortality rate differences across county, state, and federal facilities to identify places most vulnerable to coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Methods: Secondary retrospective cohort analysis utilizing the UCLA's comprehensive COVID-19 research data on cases and mortality trends collected until January 29th, 2021. This data set is collected by UCLA volunteers directly from facility websites. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: Since March 2020, it is reported the total U.S. population of incarcerated residents has had 370,042 cases and 2,185 deaths nationally. County facilities have reported 19,099 (5.16%) cases and 43 (1.97%) deaths. State facilities have reported 305,616 cases and 1,913 deaths and have the highest case fatality ratio compared to all facilities. Federal facilities have reported 45,327 cases and 229 deaths. Out of total incarcerated resident population, Texas had 9.42% and 11.53% of cases and deaths, respectively. Moreover, there is a higher chance of dying from COVID-19 [RR: 5.55, 95%CI (3.36-9.17)] in a county prison compared to a federal prison in Texas. Conclusion: Limited information exists on the incarcerated population effected by COVID-19, especially amid an ongoing pandemic. There appears to be a higher risk of mortality in COVID-19 cases in state facilities compared to federal and in Texas we observed a 5 times higher risk of dying in county versus federal prisons. Identifying at-risk incarcerated populations can help control spread and reduce health gaps.Item Health Disparities and Risk Patterns of COVID-19 Case, Hospitalization, and Case Fatality in Texas Comparted to the United States of America(2021) Xavier, Christy; Rasu, RafiaPurpose: Explore age, sex, race, and underlying condition distribution with COVID-19-related case, hospitalization, and mortality rates. Methods: Secondary retrospective cohort analysis used CDC's and TDSHS's COVID-19 Data Tracker to obtain hospitalization, intensive care, mortality, and demographic counts of confirmed COVID-19 cases from submitted state and territorial health departments and case reports in U.S.A. and Texas (2020). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: In U.S., there were 12,573,876 COVID-19 cases, 688,911 hospitalizations, 74,933 ICU admissions, and 222,575 deaths compared to 1,551,250 cases and 30,741 deaths in Texas. 48% U.S. cases were male compared to 63.3% in Texas. Females had 19% and 22.5% lower risk of hospitalization and mortality compared to males(P< 0.001). Whites (54.1%) and Hispanics (21.3%) consisted of most cases. Blacks had 2.47 [RR 2.47,95%CI(2.42-2.52)] times higher risk of ICU admission and 16% higher mortality risk. Hispanics had 20% higher ICU risk but 35% [RR 0.647,95%CI(0.638-0.656)] lower risk of death compared to Whites(P< 0.001). Pediatric cases had 80% lower mortality risk; older adults with 15.3% case fatality ratio had 87.31 [RR 87.31,95%CI(84.55-90.16)] times mortality risk compared to adults 20-39 years old. Underlying conditions had 17 times higher risk of mortality compared to no health conditions(P< 0.001). Conclusions: Increasing age, male sex, underlying conditions, and Black race are associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19. Healthcare professionals should be aware of COVID-19 health disparities and risk factors for poor outcomes to better address public health gaps and promote targeted interventions.