Browsing by Author "Litt, Dana"
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Item Examination of Pregaming: Associations with Drinking Cognitions, Alcohol Use, and Negative Consequences at the Daily-Level among Adolescents and Young Adults(2024-03-21) Cross, Allison; Zhou, Zhengyang; Fairlie, Anne; Litt, Dana; Lee, Christine; Lewis, MelissaPurpose: While research indicates that adolescents and young adults pregame (i.e., drink before going to an event or gathering), it is unclear how daily-level cognitions relate to pregaming behavior and how pregaming relates to alcohol consumption and consequences. We examined (1) occasion-level associations between drinking cognitions (i.e., willingness, attitudes, injunctive norms) and pregaming among adolescents and young adults, and (2) occasion-level associations between pregaming with quantity of alcohol consumed and negative consequences. We also explored potential moderating effects of age on the above associations as well as the moderating effects of the number of drinks on the association between pregaming and the number of negative consequences on drinking days. Methods: Participants from Texas (age 15-25) were enrolled in a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study employing a 3-week EMA burst format (8 surveys weekly, up to 2 times per day). These bursts were scheduled quarterly over a span of 12 months. Participants who reported any drinking days were included in the present analyses. The final analytic sample included 490 individuals ages 15-25 (53.6% Female, 45.2% White Non-Hispanic, Mean Age = 21.2 SD = 2.7). Data were analyzed with mixed effects multilevel models. Results: Multilevel models revealed that occasion-level drinking cognitions (i.e., occasions with higher willingness to drink and more positive attitudes toward pregaming than one’s usual) were associated with greater likelihood of pregaming (Willingness: odds ratio (OR=1.80) = X, p < 0.0001; attitudes: OR = 1.54, p = 0.0009), whereas injunctive norms were not significantly associated. Compared to drinking days when people did not pregame, pregaming days were associated with consuming more drinks (rate ratio (RR) = 1.79, p < 0.0001). For consequences, the positive association between alcohol use and number of consequences was reduced on pregaming days (p of the interaction term between number of drinks and pregame = 0.04). Age was not a significant moderator in any models tested. Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature by examining occasion-level associations between drinking cognitions with pregaming and the role of pregaming in experiencing negative consequences. These findings can be used to inform individual-level intervention approaches by incorporating risk information about willingness and attitudes and their association with pregaming.Item EXAMININATION OF THE LONGITUDINAL ASSOCATION BETWEEN ALCOHOL-INDUCED BLACKOUTS AND AUDIT SCORES AND THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF IMPULSIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS(2024-03-21) Cross, Allison; Graupensperger, Scott; Litt, Dana; Hicks, Haleigh; Lewis, MelissaPurpose: Adolescent and young adult alcohol consumption and related consequences present persistent public health concern and research highlights the role that alcohol-induced blackouts (AIB) may have on the development of alcohol use disorders. Moreover, impulsivity, specifically premeditation and urgency, are noted to have significant associations with drinking. However, less is known about these associations over time among adolescents and young adults. Therefore, this study examined longitudinal associations between AIB and hazardous alcohol use risk (AUDIT scores) in adolescents and young adults, while exploring the moderating effects of premeditation and urgency. Methods: Participants were recruited for a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study examining cognitions and alcohol use. Data were collected at baseline and 12-month follow-up from participants who reported past month alcohol use. The analytic sample consisted of 556 participants (58.6% females; 70.8% White Non-Hispanic, ages 15-25 [mean = 21.5, SD = 2.5]). Data were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM). Results: Results revealed a significant association between baseline AIB and AUDIT scores at 12-month follow-up such that a one-unit increase in AIB scores was associated with a 12% increase in residual change of AUDIT scores (RR = 1.12, p = .001). Premeditation was inversely associated with AUDIT scores, such that on average, a one-unit increase corresponded to an 8% relative reduction in AUDIT scores (RR = 0.92, p = .032). Finally, urgency was not significantly associated with AUDIT scores (RR = 1.07, p = .053). Premeditation, but not urgency, significantly moderated the effect of AIB on change in AUDIT scores such that for those with relatively higher premeditation scores, a one-unit increase in AIB corresponds to a 22% increase in AUDIT scores (RR = 1.13, p= .009). Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant association between AIB and AUDIT scores one year later, controlling for baseline AUDIT scores. Furthermore, the moderating effect of premeditation suggests that those with higher premeditation who are still engaging in AIB may be doing so with intentions to engage in high-risk drinking. Targeting prevention programs, towards adolescents and young adults with a history of AIB, especially those who with elevated premeditation, may be effective in mitigating the risk of alcohol use disorder development.Item Perceived Vulnerability When Drinking: Daily-Level Associations with Alcohol Use and Consequences by Sexual Minority Status Among Adolescent Girls and Young Adult Women(2024-03-21) Vrotsos, Katherine; Graupensperger, Scott; Litt, Dana; Lewis, MelissaPurpose: Although cross-sectional research on perceived vulnerability (i.e., the likelihood of experiencing consequences if the individual were to engage in a behavior) when drinking suggests that greater perceived vulnerability is associated with less alcohol use and fewer alcohol-related consequences between-persons, there has been minimal research and mixed findings on within-person perceived vulnerability to alcohol-related consequences at the daily-level. Women have been found to experience more alcohol-related consequences compared to men, which may relate to their levels of perceived vulnerability. Additionally, sexual minority girls and women appear to be at increased risk for engaging in greater alcohol use and experiencing more alcohol-related consequences compared to heterosexual women, which may exacerbate their perceived vulnerability. The present study aims to (1) examine daily-level associations between perceived vulnerability and alcohol use and consequences among adolescent girls and young adult women and (2) assess whether sexual minority status moderates the association between perceived vulnerability and alcohol use and consequences at the daily-level. Methods: Participants were recruited as part of a longitudinal ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study conducted in Texas. Participants completed up to two surveys each day (eight surveys per week) in 3-week EMA bursts, which were repeated quarterly across the 12-month study. The sample for the current study included 410 cisgender (i.e., gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth) adolescent girls and young adult women ages 15 to 25 (M= 20.8) who reported drinking days (44.9% White, Non-Hispanic; 39.8% sexual minority). The analytic sample included 3526 drinking days. Planned Analyses: In each multilevel model, daily-level predictors will be centered-within-person and person-level predictors will be grand-mean-centered. Age, race/ethnicity, weekend/weekday, week in burst, and burst number will be used as covariates in all models. Perceived vulnerability will be used as the predictor for (H1a) alcohol use (i.e., number of drinks) estimated with a mixed effects zero-truncated negative binomial model (count outcome starting at 1) and (H1b) the number of alcohol-related consequences estimated with a mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial model (count outcome with excessive zeros). Sexual minority status will be used as a moderator within these models (H2). Hypothesized Results: On drinking days when individuals report greater perceived vulnerability than their average, it is predicted that they will engage in less alcohol use (H1a) and experience fewer negative consequences (H1b). The daily-level associations between perceived vulnerability and alcohol use (H2a) and consequences (H2b) are predicted to be stronger among sexual minority individuals compared to heterosexual individuals. Potential Conclusion: The findings of this study have the potential to increase our understanding of how perceived vulnerability at the daily-level influences drinking among adolescent girls and young adult women, as well as differences based on sexual minority status. These findings could potentially improve the precision and efficacy of in-the-moment preventative interventions by identifying when girls and women are at increased risk of experiencing alcohol-related harm. Furthermore, these findings may inform the need to tailor in-the-moment interventions to target sexual minority girls and women.