Browsing by Subject "Carbon disulfide"
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Item CARBON DISULFIDE AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE FROM NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS(2014-03) Rich, Alisa L.; Patel, Jay T.Climate change is occurring due to increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Man is contributing to atmospheric GHG levels from industrial processes. Natural gas extraction and processing operations may be contributing to increased levels of GHGs in the atmosphere. Carbon disulfide, a chemical emitted during natural gas extraction and processing, has been found to be a contributor to formation of CO2. This study is the first to identify CS2 as a contributor to CO2 levels and the four mechanisms of action by which CS2 may contribute CO2 to the atmosphere. Purpose (a): This study is one of the first to identify the presence of CS2 and other sulfide compounds in emissions from unconventional shale gas extraction and processing, and the mechanisms by which it contributes CO2 to the atmosphere. This study also identifies COS, CO and SO2 as additional greenhouse gas (GHG) contributors from CS2 breakdown. The purpose of this study is to examine the different mechanisms by which CS2 and associated sulfide compounds can form CO2 and their ability to contribute to GHG atmospheric levels. Methods (b): A literature review was performed correlating CS2 emissions and production of CO2 in natural gas emissions. Databases searched included MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and PubMed. Current research has not identified CS2 as a contributor to CO2 levels in the atmosphere from natural gas extraction and processing operations. No paper was found that recognized all four potential mechanisms of CO2 formation or identified the potential for COS and SO2 to be contributors to CO2 formation. Results (c): Atmospheric conversion of CS2 was shown to result in the formation of CO2, COS, CO and SO2. Emissions from unconventional shale gas extraction and processing were shown to be a source for CS2 in the atmosphere. The mechanisms for GHG formation was found to occur through combustion, photolysis and hydrolysis of CS2. Conclusions (d): The contribution of CO2, COS, CO, and SO2 in the atmosphere from natural gas emission of CS2 may be underestimated. Future calculations of atmospheric GHGs levels may consider what contribution CS2 from natural gas emissions is making to GHG levels in the atmosphere.Item META-ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS FROM CARBON DISULFIDE EXPOSURE TO NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIAL WORKERS(2014-03) Al-Angari, Samiah S.; Rich, Alisa L.; Patel, Jay T.The textile industry historically has been associated with high levels of air pollution and adverse health effects for workers exposed to the pollution. With the migration of textile industry overseas, much of the pollution has been sent overseas as well. Carbon disulfide (CS2), a chemical commonly seen in the textile industry, has received little attention due to this migration. With the recent expansion of natural gas extraction in the U.S., CS2 has once again surfaced in air emissions produced from this industrial process. This study revealed that natural gas workers may suffer health effects similar to viscose rayon workers from exposure to CS2. Purpose (a): Health effects from occupational exposure to Carbon disulfide (CS2) have been primarily associated with viscose rayon plant workers. The objective of this study was to examine the potential for health impairment from CS2 exposure in natural gas workers. This study is unique in associating exposure to CS2 to natural gas workers and unrecognized adverse health impairments. Methods (b): A meta-analysis study was conducted and published literature on the health effects of CS2 were reviewed. Databases searched included MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and PubMed. Studies related to exposure to CS2 were limited and historically associated with the viscose rayon industry. Analysis of the published literature of CS2 exposure to workers in petrochemical refineries were identified but limited. Selection criteria were inclusive to all studies available despite study design. The inclusivity of all study designs was influenced by the lack of current literature of CS2 exposure to occupational workers in the U.S. Results (c): Results revealed exposure to CS2 was associated with multiple health effects in various body systems. The potential for significant health effects both on a short-term and long-term basis were identified in natural gas extraction and processing workers exposed to CS2. Conclusions (d): Natural gas occupational workers may be exposed to CS2 from extraction and processing leading to adverse health effects comparable to viscose rayon workers. This study is the first to associate CS2 to occupational workers involved in natural gas extraction or processing operations. This study illuminates the need for application of regular medical diagnostic tools to recognize CS2 levels in workers.