Browsing by Subject "Diet"
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Item Comparison of Dietary Micronutrient Intakes by Body Weight Status among Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic Black Women Aged 19-39 Years: An Analysis of NHANES 2003-2014(MDPI, 2019-11-20) Liu, Jialiang; Zhu, Xiangzhu; Fulda, Kimberly G.; Chen, Shande; Tao, Meng-HuaThe objective of the current study was to examine micronutrient intake from foods in women of childbearing age and to better understand potential nutritional problems varied by body weight status in minority women. A sample of women aged 19-39 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2014 was analyzed. Dietary intakes of 13 micronutrients were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women were categorized into normal/under-weight, overweight, or obese groups according to their body mass index (BMI). Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had lower dietary intakes for vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, and D, folate, calcium, and magnesium than non-Hispanic Whites. Among Mexican-Americans, obese women had the lowest dietary intake of vitamins A, B2, C and D. Obese non-Hispanic Black women had significantly lower dietary intakes of iron and zinc than their normal/under-weight counterparts. Comparable percentages (>30%) of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had dietary intake less than the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) for several key nutrients including vitamin A, C and D, folate, calcium and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. These results indicate micronutrient inadequacies persist among and within racial/ethnic and body weight groups.Item DIETARY INTAKE AND RELATED ATTITUDES TOWARD HEALTHY EATING DIFFER BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND HISPANIC UNDERSERVED YOUTH(2014-03) Proffitt Leyva, Randi; Franks, SusanPurpose (a): Underserved African-American (AA) and Hispanic youth are disproportionally affected by obesity. This comparative study examined dietary intake and attitudes toward healthy food intake between AA and Hispanic underserved youth. Methods (b): Participants (n=112) ages 8 to 12 (X= 9.2) were assessed prior to beginning an after-school obesity prevention program at various community centers in Fort Worth, Texas. Forty-two percent were normal weight and 58% were overweight or obese. Youth completed a 24-hour dietary recall, and cumulative scores for Healthy Food (HF) and Unhealthy Food (UF) intake were obtained. Self-report surveys included confidence for increasing fruit/vegetable intake (FV) and for reducing fat intake (FAT), and intrinsic motivation for healthy eating (MOT). Differences between Hispanic and AA youth for HF, UF, MOT, FV and FAT were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U. Relationships among variables were analyzed using Spearman correlation. Bonferroni correction was applied. Results (c): AA as compared to Hispanic youth reported less HF (p=.003). Between group comparisons for other variables were non-significant. HF was correlated with FV for AA (r=.395, p=.003) and Hispanics (r=.452, p=.001), and with MOT for AA (r=.419, p=.002). All other correlations were non-significant. Conclusions (d): Among underserved youth, AA may be consuming much less healthy food than Hispanics. Although they did not differ in motivation or confidence for healthy eating, intake of healthy food appears highly related to degree of confidence for choosing fruits and vegetables for both groups. A focus on improvement in motivation also may be valuable in improving healthy food intake for AA. Results have implications for the development of culturally sensitive dietary interventions.Item DIETARY PATTERNS AMONG DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC MEXICAN AMERICAN WOMEN(2013-04-12) Alexander, ShanePurpose: Targeting ethnic disparities in diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence has become a major focus of disease prevention. In the U.S., 13.3% of Mexican Americans have been diagnosed with DM - a rate 1.9 times higher than among non-Hispanic whites. Recent literature has focused on cultural perceptions and behaviors contributing to risk factors that lead to DM. The goal of this pilot study was to examine what type of information was given by health care providers, as well as obtain self-reported diabetic care activities among Mexican American women. Additionally, this study sought to compare the dietary patterns of diabetics and non-diabetics. Methods: Data was analyzed from 47 Mexican American women (diabetic n=24; non-diabetic n=23) recruited through the Health and Aging Brain Study among Latino Elders (HABLE), a translational research study that examines factors related to aging among Hispanics. Variables included age, food frequency questionnaire, HbA1c levels, blood glucose, BMI, and a summary of diabetes self-care activity measures. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the difference in nutritional intake according to diabetic status. Results: The average age of onset of a DM diagnosis was 48 years old. Diabetics reported their health care providers advised them to: follow a healthy eating plan (94%), reduce number of calories (95%), follow a complex carbohydrate diet (74%), follow a diet high in fiber (74%), eat 5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily (63%), and lose weight (80%). Further examination showed that 50% had uncontrolled HbA1c (X=8.7) and blood glucose levels (X=170). Significant elevations in BMI [F(1,44)=5.4, p=0.02] and daily caloric intake [F(1,45)=4.2, p=0.04] were found in diabetic women compared to non-diabetic participants. No significant difference was found in daily intake of carbohydrates, protein, and total fat. Conclusions: The results suggest that diabetic women have a higher BMI and daily caloric intake than non-diabetic women despite reporting advice given from their health care providers regarding dietary patterns. This may be due to several reasons. First, it is possible that participants have changed their eating habits, though not enough to achieve glycemic control. Secondly, it is possible that more in depth dietary intervention or nutritional counseling is needed. Limitations include small sample size. More research into dietary patterns of diabetics is needed to design culturally appropriate interventions.Item The Effect of Dietary Loading on Structural Determinants of Force Production in the Rat Masseter(2020-05) Rossiter, Jeffrey A.; Menegaz, Rachel A.; Maddux, Scott D.; Reeves, Rustin E.Rossiter, Jeffrey A., The Effect of Dietary Loading on Structural Determinants of Force Production in the Rat Masseter. Master of Science in Medical Sciences - Anatomy, May 2020. Biomechanical loading associated with feeding is known to direct cranial bone growth, however less is known about its effects on masticatory muscle growth and performance. Peak muscle contractile forces are determined by a combination of factors including total muscle mass, fiber length, and fiber type. Here, we test two hypotheses: that mechanically challenging diets will (1) increase the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), an estimate of maximum contractile force at tetanus, and (2) increase the number and proportion of type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers in the masseter of the rat. Sprague-Dawley rats were raised on either a hard/tough (overuse) diet or a soft (underuse) diet (n=5/cohort). The superficial masseters were dissected and photographed using a trifocal stereo microscope, and muscle fiber length (6/individual) were measured using ImageJ. Muscle volumes were calculated from in-situ diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced μCT scans. Muscles were stained using an IHC protocol for the fast isoform of myosin heavy chain, allowing the number and areas of type II (stained) and type I (unstained) fibers to be quantified in ImageJ. Results from this study do not support our hypotheses, most likely due to the small sample sizes (n=5/treatment group) available for this study. Paradoxical results were found, with rats raised on a soft diet tending to have longer superficial masseter muscle fibers and more type II muscle fibers with larger cross-sectional areas in the posterior masseter. Rats raised on a hard diet tend to have larger masseter muscle volumes. However, these trends were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Mechanically challenging diets tend to be associated with greater masticatory muscle volumes and thus increased PCSA. The fiber type results from the posterior masseter (with more deep masseter fibers) were the opposite of those previous results from the middle masseter (with more superficial masseter fibers) in the same animals. Future studies with increased sample sizes are needed to better understand the structural determinants of force production in the rat masseter.Item Trends in Diet Quality by Race/Ethnicity among Adults in the United States for 2011-2018(MDPI, 2022-10-15) Tao, Meng-Hua; Liu, Jialiang; Nguyen, Uyen-Sa D. T.This study aimed to investigate time trends in diet quality and the consumption of major food groups and nutrients by race/ethnicity among adults in the United States. Dietary data from 19,192 adults aged >/= 20 years from four National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011-2018) were included. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 scores (range: 0-100; higher scores indicate better diet quality) and dietary consumption of food groups and nutrients were estimated for each cycle. Linear regression was used to test trends. For the overall population, the estimated overall HEI-2015 scores significantly decreased (p for trend = 0.011). However, decreases were observed in the estimated consumption of added sugars and total carbohydrates, while the estimated consumption of soy products and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly increased. A significant decrease in overall HEI-2015 score was observed in the non-Hispanic white group, but not in other racial/ethnic groups. Decreases in added sugar intake were found in the non-Hispanic black and Hispanic groups; sodium intake significantly decreased in the non-Hispanic Asian group. From 2011 to 2018, there was a decrease in estimated overall diet quality in US adults; however, there were improvements in certain nutrients and dietary components. Nevertheless, disparities in diet quality exist among racial/ethnic groups.Item Trends in Magnesium Intake among Hispanic Adults, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2014(MDPI, 2019-11-22) Liu, Jialiang; Huang, Yuhan; Dai, Qi; Fulda, Kimberly G.; Chen, Shande; Tao, Meng-HuaThis study aimed at examining trends in magnesium intake among U.S. Hispanic adults stratified by gender, Hispanic origins, age, and poverty income ratio (PIR) level. Data on 9304 Hispanic adults aged ≥20 years from eight National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (1999-2014) were included in this study. For each cycle, survey-weighted mean dietary and total magnesium intakes were estimated. The prevalence of dietary and total magnesium intake below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was further estimated stratified by gender and age groups. Linear regression was used to test trend. Over the survey cycles, both dietary and total magnesium intakes were significantly increased among Hispanic adults. In the study period, magnesium intake tended to be lower in females, adults in other Hispanic-origin group, those aged ≥65 years old, and those with a PIR <1.0. The prevalence of magnesium intake inadequacy decreased among Hispanic adults; however, more than 70% of Hispanic males and females continued to have magnesium intake below the RDA in 2013-2014. From 1999/2000 to 2013/2014, despite several improvements in magnesium intake having been identified, additional findings showed insufficient intake in Hispanic males and females, suggesting the need to improve magnesium intake through diet and dietary supplementation for U.S. Hispanics.