Browsing by Subject "Exercise"
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Item ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG PATIENTS WITH RISK FACTORS FOR METABOLIC SYNDROME IN A RURAL COMMUNITY(2013-04-12) Peebles, RebeccaPurpose: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of medical conditions that synergistically increase the risk for development of cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes mellitus. The rapid and persistent rise in the prevalence of MetS has sparked much interest and debate among researchers regarding activity and inactivity physiology. Exercise as a prescription for prevention and management of this disease process has been suggested and explored. The purpose of this study was to address the relationship between physical activity levels and the presence of MetS risk factors within a rural community. Methods: Patients from a family medicine clinic in San Saba County, Texas were recruited, consented, and given a survey to complete. The survey assessed the amount of physical activity levels, presence of MetS risk factors and demographic information of each participant. Results: Frequencies of the five MetS risk factors were calculated revealing 7.7% of participants had none, 33.3% had one, and 20.5% had two. 38.5 % self-reported three or more risk factors which qualified them to have MetS. There was a medium, negative correlation, r = -0.33, n=31, between increase in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity at work and a decrease in the presence of MetS risk factors. However, the relationship was not statistically significant (p=0.067). No correlation was observed between exercise and the presence of MetS risk factors (r = 0.084, n = 17, p = 0.75) or time sitting and the presence of MetS risk factors (r = 0.094, n =28, p =0.063). A one-way, between group analysis of variance showed statistical significance between high school graduates and higher levels of education, but no statistically significant differences between other levels of education or any income groups. Conclusions: Based on the data collected for this project, there is no significant association between exercise and the presence of MetS risk factors. However, over the past two decades, exercise has been well documented to decrease the development of risk factors and slow or even prevent the progression to fulminant disease. The deviation of the results of this investigation from prior research is likely due to the limitations and confounding factors of this study. Further research is needed to make definitive remarks regarding the role of exercise in prevention and management of MetS.Item COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF HEART RATE DURING EXERCISE(2013-04-12) White, DanielPurpose: Exercise Physiology textbooks illustrate the autonomic control of heart rate (HR) at the beginning of dynamic exercise as an immediate and selective withdrawal of parasympathetic (PS) control of the Sino-Atrial node resulting in a rise in HR up to 100 beats per min. The appearance of norepinephrine in the blood after 100 bpm was interpreted as the time at which the sympathetic nervous system was activated. In the past ten years animal investigations indicate that increases in sympathetic outflow are involved in the increase in HR at exercise onset. Therefore, we hypothesized that re-analysis of previous investigations utilizing pharmacologic blockade of the autonomic nervous system and our carotid baroreflex modeling techniques of humans during dynamic exercise would identify the role of sympathetic activity in exercise. Methods: Comprehensive analysis of HR data presented in 8 "autonomic neural control of heart rate" research articles and book chapters in both humans and animals coupled with our own neck pressure/neck suction published data was used to generate a novel model of the autonomic control of HR during exercise. Results: Throughout the progression of exercise (HR = 100, 117, 150), neck pressure stimuli induce reflexive increases in HR (+6, 3, 1), and pharmacological blockade with glycopyrrolate induces increases in HR (+24, 21, 12). Comprehensive regression modeling of the increases in heart rate during exercise identified that sympathetic activity establishes the exercise intensity related HR and it is the PS control of the heart that expresses the baroreflex response. Conclusions: These data provide compelling evidence that cardiac sympathetic and PS activities were continuously active throughout exercise. Furthermore, there was no evidence of an abrupt shift from PS withdrawal to sympathetic activation in autonomic control of HR during exercise but rather a steady rise in HR due to increasing cardiac sympathetic tone. Contrary to there being a PS withdrawal at the onset of exercise previous work identify that during exercise onset increases in PS tone dampen the sharp rise in HR in response to the immediate increase in cardiac sympathetic activity.Item Do physical activity levels differ by number of children at home in women aged 25-44 in the general population?(Sage Publications, 2019-09-09) Abell, Laura P.; Tanase, Kelly A.; Gilmore, Madison L.; Winnicki, Anna E.; Holmes, Victor L.; Hartos, Jessica L.OBJECTIVES: While physical activity is important for health, many women do not meet recommended levels, particularly mothers. The purpose of this study was to assess whether physical activity levels differ by number of children at home in women aged 25-44 in the general US population. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis used 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for females aged 25-44 (N = 6266) from California, Colorado, New York, Texas, and Utah. Ordered logistic regression analysis assessed the relationship between physical activity levels and number of children at home while controlling for state and demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors. RESULTS: About half of participants reported "inactive" or "insufficiently active" physical activity levels and about two-thirds reported having one or more children at home. The results of adjusted analysis indicated that physical activity level was significantly related to having one child (adjusted odds ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval = 0.63, 0.89), two children (adjusted odds ratio = 0.79; 95% confidence interval = 0.67, 0.93), and three or more children (adjusted odds ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = 0.67, 0.94) at home. CONCLUSION: Overall, physical activity levels were significantly related to presence of children at home for women aged 25-44, but increasing number of children at home did not impact effect size. For women aged 25-44 in a primary care setting, a moderate prevalence of inactive or insufficiently active physical activity may be expected. Providers should address physical activity with all patients in this target population during well-visits, but particularly for women with children at home; educate patients about the health benefits of regular physical activity; and provide resources that will help them integrate physical activity into their daily lifestyles.Item EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS SUPPLEMENTATION AND MODERATE EXERCISE ON MOTOR FUNCTION IN YOUNG AND OLD MICE(2014-03) Sidhu, Akram; Vann, Philip; Wong, Jessica; Sumien, NathalieThe present study provided an assessment of the effect of exercise and/or vitamins on anxiety, coordinated running and motor function in young and old mice. Our data indicate that the effect of exercise and antioxidant supplementation may vary depending the age of the subject. Furthermore, there seem to be an increase their beneficial outcomes on motor function, when exercise is combined with antioxidant supplementation. Purpose (a): Aging is associated with a decline in psychomotor functioning and ability to learn new motor learning skills. Interventions such as exercise and antioxidants supplementation when investigated independently seem to have a beneficial impact on motor function in both human and animal subjects. A large number of health conscious individuals often combine exercise with vitamin supplementation, anticipating a synergistic effect maximizing their performance. Recent studies have also indicated a potential for an antagonistic action of the antioxidants on the beneficial effects of exercise. To date, it has not been well established what the nature of the interaction between antioxidant supplementation and exercise is in terms of functional outcomes and whether age will influence the outcomes. This study investigated the effects of moderate exercise and antioxidant supplementation on the motor performance of young and old mice. Methods (b): Separate groups of young (4 months), and old (20 months) male C57BL/6J mice were placed under one of the following treatments: Sedentary/control diet (SedCon), Sedentary/antioxidant-rich diet (vitamin E (128 IU/kg/d of body weight) and vitamin C (189 mg/kg/d of body weight); SedEC); Exercise/control diet (ExCon); Exercise/antioxidant-rich diet (ExEC). After 8 weeks of pre-treatment, the mice underwent a series of behavioral tests while remaining on their respective condition (elevated plus maze, spontaneous activity; coordinated running, wire suspension, and bridge walking). Results (c): Our preliminary data suggested that the time spent in the closed arms was increased in all treated mice compared to controls, and that the increase seemed more evident in the young mice. The latency to fall from a rotating rod seemed to be increased in the ExEC young and old mice when compared to all the other groups. The ExCon group had higher latency to fall while the other treatment groups seemed to have lower latencies when compared to SedCon within the young group. In the old group, only the ExEC group had higher latencies that the SedCon group while the others did not seem to differ. Latencies to fall from the bridge were increased in young groups where mice exercised (ExCon and ExEC), while they were decreased in SedEC and ExCon old mice compared to controls. Conclusions (d): Our data indicated that exercise and antioxidant supplementation can affect motor performance of young and old mice. Though preliminary, there seemed to be a differential effect dependent on the age of the mice. Lastly, there seem to be some type of interaction between antioxidant supplementation and exercise that may increase their beneficial outcomes.Item EFFECTS OF APOE GENOTYPE, ANTIOXIDANTS AND EXERCISE ON MOTOR AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION(2013-04-12) Chaudhari, KiranPurpose: The ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been associated with increased risk for development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). To prevent appearance of brain dysfunction, a healthy lifestyle, such as exercising and eating antioxidants, is often recommended. Physical activity has been shown to have an allele-specific beneficial effect on cognition in humans and rodents. Antioxidant therapy is often suggested to improve brain function, as increased oxidative stress has been correlated with brain dysfunction, especially in ɛ4 carriers. Health conscious individuals are likely to combine exercise with antioxidant intake to increase protection, however recent studies have indicated a negative interaction of these two factors. In some cases, antioxidant intake abolished the beneficial effects of exercise. Our study aimed at determining the nature of the interaction between exercise and antioxidants on functional outcomes in a model of increased AD risk. Methods: Young male and female mice, expressing the human ApoE3 or E4, were placed under one of the treatment: Sedentary/control diet (SedCon), Sedentary /antioxidant-rich diet (Vitamins E and C; SedEC), Exercise/control diet (EXCon), Exercise/ antioxidant-rich diet (EXEC), for 8 weeks prior to behavioral testing. Behavior testing includes running co-ordination (rotorod), spatial learning and memory (Morris Water Maze)and discriminative avoidance and cognitive flexibility (T maze). Results: In a coordination test, the E3 mice performed better than the E4 mice, and a significant improvement was observed with the ExEC treatment in males E3 and females E4. Better spatial learning was detected with EXEC in E3 females but not in E4. In males EX impaired learning index in E3 males. In active avoidance acquisition session, learning performance was improved with EX and EXEC treatment in E3 male, and with EXCon treatment in female E4, whereas cognitive flexibility was improved in both male and female in E3 by all the treatments but not in E4. Conclusions: These results in young mice provide an indication that genotype and sex are critical determinants in the functional outcomes of the treatment.Item EXERCISE AND CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW(2013-04-12) Smith, JohnPurpose: A comprehensive review of the literature regarding the effects on exercise in cancer prevention and treatment, with the goal of elucidating non-pharmacological interventions for the possible prevention and treatment of this disease. Methods: A comprehensive literature search up to January 2013 to identify articles that examine the the effects of physical exercise and its use in prevention and treatment of cancer. Key words included: exercise, cancer, prevention, physical activity, treatment, and neoplasm. Searches were preformed using databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, CINAHL, and cancer lit. Results: The majority of research conducted with regards to breast, colon, prostate, and endometrial cancers has shown a reduction of 20 to 30% depending on the type and stage of cancer. Other cancers have seen inconsistent results, warranting the need for additional research in the development of an exercise prescription. Non-pharmacological treatment using exercise as an adjuvant therapy to the current standard of care has demonstrated to be beneficial. However, inconsistencies with respects to intensity, duration and type of exercise for cancer patients have fueled the debate as to the most effective exercise prescription for this disease process. Conclusions: The many epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies published have demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and frequency of various types of cancer. These studies further substantiate the benefits and ultimately the need for specific directives for an exercise prescription to aide in the treatment of cancer.Item Exercise-Evoked Metabolic Adaptations in Canine Myocardium(1999-12-01) Stuewe, Steven Richard; Robert Mallet; Neeraj Agarwal; Patricia GwirtzStuewe, Steven Richard, Exercise-Evoked Metabolic Adaptations in Canine Myocardium. Doctor of Philosophy (Biomedical Sciences), November 1999; 128 pp; 4 tables; 17 figures; bibliography, 130 titles. Aerobic exercise training evokes adaptations in the myocardial contractile machinery that enhance cardiac functional capabilities, and the myocardium’s capacity to consume energy. Despite considerable investigative effort, the effects of exercise training on myocardial intermediary metabolism, the source of energy for cardiac function, have not been defined. The investigations described herein were undertaken to delineate the effects of aerobic exercise training on key rate-controlling enzymes of myocardial intermediary metabolism and energy transport, and to characterize the effects of acute exercise on cardiac messenger RNA transcripts encoding metabolic enzymes. To address these questions, dogs were conditioned by a 9 wk treadmill running program or cage rested for 4 wk. Exercise conditioning was documented by a significant decrease in heart rate at rest and during submaximal exercise. A panel of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes was measured in myocardial extracts. It was demonstrated that aerobic exercise training of dogs selectively increased capacities of key rate-controlling enzymes of each of the major pathways of intermediary metabolism in ventricular myocardium. In addition, it appeared that the training-evoked increases in enzyme activities were due to increased enzyme contents, not to changes in substrate affinity. The same training program was implemented to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the myocardium’s energy shuttling system. Total creatine kinase (CK) activity and content of the CKMB isoenzyme were measured in canine myocardial extracts. It was demonstrated that aerobic exercise training increased total myocardial CK activity and CKMB content, although the CKMB isoenzyme remained minor component of the myocardial CK system. A third investigation was conducted to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on the abundance of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding key enzymes involved in myocardial energy production and transport. Left ventricular myocardium was sampled 30 min after an exercise bout, and messenger RNA transcripts were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Exercise increased in the myocardial abundance of mRNA transcripts encoding glyceraldeheyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and the CK-M subunit. These mRNA enhancements could be responsible, at least in part, for exercise-evoked adaptations in myocardial metabolic enzymes demonstrated in the first two investigations.Item Interaction of the Exercise Pressor Reflex with Central Command in the Regulation of Blood Pressure During Dynamic Exercise(1996-12-01) Smith, Scott Alan; Peter B. Raven; Patricia A. GwirtzSmith, Scott A., Interaction of the exercise pressor reflex with central command in the regulation of blood pressure during dynamic exercise. Master of Science (Biomedical Sciences, Integrative Physiology), October, 1996, 73 pp., 7 tables, 8 figures, references. Ten subjects, aged 26.5±3.7 years, performed incremental workload cycling exercise to investigate the interaction of skeletal muscle mechano- and metaboreceptors in the regulation of blood pressure. Each subject performed four bouts of exercise: control (exercise with no intervention); exercise with thigh cuff inflation to 90 mmHg (to reduce venous outflow stimulating metaboreceptors); exercise with application of lower body positive pressure (LBPP) to 45 mmHg (to enhance mechanoreceptor activation); and exercise with application of lower body positive pressure (LBPP) to 45 mmHg (to enhance mechanoreceptor activation); and exercise with the application of both LBPP and thigh cuff inflation. Measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), electromyographic activity (EMG), rate of oxygen uptake (VO2)3 cardiac output (Q), and rating of perceived exertion for both the body (RPEB) and the legs (RPEL) were monitored. Significant mean data is presented. Indices of central command (HR, EMG, and VO2) were not significantly different between the four bouts of exercise indicating that the blood pressure response to central command activity was not altered by the interventions. Significant changes in RPEL from control during inflation of thigh cuffs, application of LBPP, and their combination indicate these stimuli successfully enhanced mechano- and metaboreceptor activation. Results indicate that MAP was significantly elevated from control only with the application of LBPP or the combination of LBPP and thigh cuff inflation. These data suggest that mechanoreceptors are the primary exercise pressor mediator of arterial blood pressure during submaximal dynamic exercise.Item Physical Culture Classics: Pertinant Statements by the Masters(E.R. Dumont, 1909-01-01) Fleming, WilliamItem Physical Culture Classics: Strength From Exercise and Diet(E.R. Dumont, 1909-01-01) McFadden, Bernarr; Treloar, Albert; Merrilles, Charles; Fleming, William