Browsing by Subject "Isocyanates"
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Item EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE ISOCYANATE EXPOSURE IN THE AUTO BODY REPAIR AND REFINISHING INDUSTRY: A CLUSTER-RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL(2013-04-12) Liu, YouchengPurpose: To better control isocyanate exposure and prevent occupational asthma in the auto body repair and refinishing industry, improved exposure control strategies are needed. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in this industry. The main objectives were to assess the effectiveness of educational and behavioral interventions on worker knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported and observed behaviors with regard to isocyanate exposures. Methods: 103 workers from 14 auto body shops were selected and randomly assigned into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received both educational training and behavioral feedback process throughout the first 6 months. Original surveys of exposure-related knowledge and attitudes and self-reported behavior were administered and actual behaviors were observed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and linear modeling, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Worker knowledge and attitudes improved significantly (p Conclusions: Educational training and behavioral feedback improve knowledge, attitudes, and self reported and observed behaviors in auto body workers exposed to isocyanates. Knowledge and attitude survey is a potentially useful tool to characterize auto body worker exposure risk and readiness for behavior change. In this setting training with behavioral feedback did add more benefit beyond the educational intervention. This study identified effective intervention components in improving worker safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors in the auto body repair and refinishing industry. The findings can help increase use of safe work practices.Item ISOCYANATES IN MEDICAL DEVICES AND PRODUCTS: A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT(2013-04-12) Franklin, GillianPurpose: It is hypothesized that direct contact of newborn infants with medical devices and products that have polyurethane and polyurethane foam components will result in skin exposure to isocyanates and subsequent immune response or sensitization. This sensitization may lead to asthma later in their lives. This study was conducted to qualitatively evaluate residual isocyanate content on medical devices and products used in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), as the initial step to assess neonatal infants' isocyanate skin exposures. Methods: Thirty-seven commonly used medical devices and products were selected and qualitatively tested. Test items were laid on the laboratory bench. Aromatic and aliphatic isocyanate Surface SWYPE" pads were used with 5 drops of acetone on the pads to wipe the surfaces of tested items using three fingers and moderate pressure; then the pads were placed on them with close contact. After 3 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours the pads and medical devices were observed for an orange to red color change that indicates the presence of a specific type of isocyanate. Result was rated as positive if a color change was observed within 24 hours and negative if no color change occurred. Results: Twenty-seven percent (10 of 37) medical devices and products tested showed a color change, either on the wipe pad or/and on the product surfaces indicating the presence of either/or both free and bound isocyanate functional groups. Most colors indicated aromatic isocyanates except for one medical device, the z-flo fluidized positioned cushion that indicated aliphatic isocyanates. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that some medical devices and products used in NICU setting contain polyurethane or polyurethane foam components. Further studies to evaluate additional devices and products qualitatively are needed. These medical devices and products that were identified as containing isocyanates have been further tested to identify and quantify isocyanate species. The results are presented in a companion abstract. The potential transfer of isocyanates onto the surfaces of neonatal infants also needs to be assessed.Item QUANTIFYING ISOCYANATES FROM MEDICAL DEVICES AND PRODUCTS: A PILOT STUDY(2013-04-12) Liu, YouchengPurpose: Isocyanates can cause asthma. This study was conducted to identify and quantify methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) species in medical devices and products used in the neonatal intensive care setting. Methods: Thirteen medical devices and products were tested. Foams and suspected isocyanate-containing parts of the test items were separated from the rest of the devices. Two small pieces (~0.5 g) from each device or product were sampled and pre-weighed, and then extracted following a standardized protocol. The foam-type materials were placed into a glass syringe and infused with 10 mL of the 2E-4M 1-(9-anthraceny lmethyl)piperazine in toluene solution for one minute and then extracted from the syringe through a filter. The procedure was repeated ten times. A second extraction using a new aliquot of 10 mL solution (same procedure) was performed. The solution was evaporated to dryness, reconstituted to 1 mL in acetonitrile and analyzed for extractable MDI species with 2 injections. Chemical analysis for isomers of MDI (4,4'-, 2,4'-, and 2,2'-), MDI trimer, tetramer and pentamer was accomplished using a hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS) analytical method. The limit of detection was 25 pg/mL for 4,4'-MDI, 5 pg/mL for 2,4'-MDI and ~1 ng/mL for trimer. In statistical analysis, quantities (ng) of MDI isomers from 2 injections were averaged. Quantities from two extractions were added together and divided by the sample weight (mg) to derive the concentration for the replicate. Two replicate concentrations were then averaged to calculate the mean for each device or product. Results: Mean (? standard deviation: SD) concentration (ng/mg) of 4,4'-MDI ranged from 0.0005 (? 0.0001) for the forehead pad to 0.1401 (? 0.1972) for a diaper, and 2,4'-MDI ranged from 0.00001 for a diaper, foam-based arm board, neonatal SpO2 adhesive sensor (sensor portion), forehead pad to 0.0045 for neonatal SpO2 adhesive sensor (foam portion). Mean concentrations of both 4,4'- and 2,4'-MDI for other devices and products were in between the ranges. No 2,2'-MDI, and MDI trimer, tetramer and pentamer were detected. Conclusions: 4,4'- and 2,4'-MDI species were detectable in all medical devices and products tested, but concentrations were low. Although MDI species were detectable, it is not clear whether low levels identified will be absorbed through the skin and have a potential clinical or long-term adverse effect. Further studies are needed to evaluate these implications.