Browsing by Subject "Reproductive and Urinary Physiology"
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Item An American Text-Book of Gynecology, Medical and Surgical for Practitioners and Students(W.B. Saunders, 1899-01-01) Baldy, J.M.; Cragin, Edwin M.D.; Etheridge, J.H. M.D.; Goodell, William M.D.; Kelly, Howard M.D.; Krug, Florian M.D.; Montgomery, E.E. M.D.; Pryor, William M.D.; Tuttle, George M.D.; Byford, Henry M.D.2nd Edition. 1899Item Descriptive Study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Tarrant County, Texas from 1998 to 2000(2001-12-01) McGrath, Christine J.; Rene, Antonio; Jones, Bobby; Sandhu, RaghbirMcGrath, Christine J., Descriptive Study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Tarrant County, Texas from 1998 to 2000. Master of Public Health, Epidemiology track, December 2001, 21 p.p., 3 tables, 1 illustration, references, 14 titles. Incidence rates of STDs in Tarrant County, Texas from 1998 to 2000 were assessed and compared with the rates in Texas and the United States, focusing on similarities and differences in gender, age and race/ethnicity. Data were obtained from the Tarrant County Public Health Department, the Texas Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The rates for gonorrhea and syphilis in Tarrant County were significantly higher than rates in Texas and the United States. The largest disparity was found among Blacks, followed by Hispanics and then Whites, with those ages 15 to 24 years at the greatest risk. To increase awareness and reduce the burden of STDs, prevention programs need to be developed.Item Intravenous Pyruvate to Prevent Renal Injury Following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation(2014-08-01) Hollrah, Roger A.; Robert T. Mallet; Myoung-Gwi Ryou; Rong MaIntroduction: Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation and recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) produces systemic ischemia reperfusion (I/R), affecting all internal organs, including the kidney. This type of stress generates both a robust increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and an intense inflammatory response, which can result in renal cell death. The glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to combat renal I/R injury by offering cyto-protection against inflammation and oxidative damage, as well as inhibiting apoptosis. The endogenous intermediary metabolite pyruvate has been observed to stabilize specific genetic machinery responsible for the production of EPO. This study was conducted to test the efficacy of intravenous pyruvate in exploiting these endogenous mechanisms of EPO to protect the kidney from cardiac arrest-induced, I/R injury. Hypothesis: Pyruvate administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and ROSC will protect the kidneys from I/R injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via increased EPO production at the renal corticomedullary border. Methods: Yorkshire swine underwent 10 minutes of cardiac arrest, CPR effected by precordial compressions, and defibrillation, and were recovered for either 4 hours (acute) or 3 days (chronic). The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Two groups underwent the cardiac arrest protocol described above: one group received intravenous infusion of 2M sodium pyruvate at a rate of 0.1 mmol∙kg-1∙min-1 during CPR and the first 60 minutes of recovery; the other group received an equimolar infusion of NaCl. The other two groups were surgically prepared and infused with NaCl or sodium pyruvate, but were not subjected to cardiac arrest, CPR, or defibrillation. For the acute protocol (n=28), animals were sacrificed 4hr after cardiac arrest, while in the chronic protocol (n=18), animals recovered for 3d before sacrifice. To evaluate the impact of cardiac arrest and pyruvate treatment on renal metabolism and antioxidant defense, proteins were extracted from snap-frozen renal corticomedullary border tissue for spectrophotometric activity assays of a panel of 10 metabolic and antioxidant enzymes; myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme marker of pro-inflammatory leukocytes, was analyzed to assess inflammation. Plasma was sampled before cardiac arrest and at the time of biopsy to measure creatinine concentration, an indirect measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure EPO content and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) content, a receptor expressed on renal tubular cells that plays an important role in apoptosis. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined under light microscopy to count neutrophils and monocytes and to compare structure integrity across the different treatment groups and protocols. Results: In this study global I/R stress imposed on the kidneys by reversible cardiac arrest did not appreciably alter the activity of the 10 panel enzymes. Despite having no histological evidence of neutrophil infiltration (H&E stained slides), an increase in renal MPO activity was evident at 4 h recovery in the NaCl group which was prevented by pyruvate treatment (P [less than] 0.05). There was no evidence of ultrastructural damage to renal cortical and outer medullary structures. There was a noticeable increase in renal EPO content at 4 h ROSC vs. the sham group. An apparent, albeit not statistically significant, increase in KIM-1 content was observed in the two CPR groups vs. the NaCl-infused sham group. Plasma creatinine concentrations did not change appreciably between pre-arrest baseline and 3 d recovery. Interpretation and Conclusion: The I/R stress produced by the present cardiac arrest-resuscitation failed to alter appreciably the activities of the 10 panel enzymes, suggesting the oxidative stress was not sufficient to overwhelm the kidney’s endogenous antioxidant defenses. Plasma creatinine concentrations were also stable, implying the GFR was maintained and the glomerular ultrastructures were unaffected by I/R. The increase in MPO activity at 4 h ROSC implied a transient infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, although none were visible on histological examination. The increase in KIM-1 content, though not statistically significant, suggests modest renal apoptotic activity after cardiac arrest and reperfusion. The transient increase in renal EPO content in the NaCl-infused post-arrest vs. sham pigs supports the possibility that even a brief period of renal ischemia by cardiac arrest can evoke renal EPO production. Collectively, these results indicate the renal I/R imposed by cardiac arrest and resuscitation does not inflict appreciable damage on the kidneys or its enzyme systems, at least within the first 3 d of post-arrest recovery. Abbreviations: AKI: acute kidney injury; ARF: acute renal failure; CK: creatine kinase; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CS: citrate synthase; EPO: erythropoietin; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; G6PDH: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; GP: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor 1; I/R: ischemia-reperfusion; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; PFK: phosphofructokinase; PHD: prolyl hydroxylase; RONS: reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; ROSC: recovery of spontaneous circulation.Item Sexually Dimorphic Anxiety-Like Interoceptive Discriminative Stimuli(1997-12-01) Jung, Marianna E.; Walls, Cleatus; Downey, H. Fred; Forster, MichaelJung, Marianna E., Sexually Dimorphic Anxiety-Like Interoceptive Discriminative Stimuli. Doctor of Philosophy (Biomedical Sciences), December 1997, 150 pp, introduction, 2 chapters, discussion, bibliography, 109 titles. This study compared gender differences in the anxiogenic stimuli induced by either a GABA-A antagonist, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or by a 5-HT1b/2 agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) before and during ethanol withdrawal (EW). Rats were trained to discriminate either PTZ (16mg/kg, IP) or m-CPP (1.2 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two lever choice task for food reward. Male and female rats were gonadectomized or sham-operated, and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were tested during replacement treatment with 17β estradiol (2.5 mg, 21 day release, sc). The dose-response for the discrimination of the interoceptive stimulus (IDS) produced by PTZ (0-16 mg/kg) or m-CPP (0 to 1.2 mg/kg) was measured under all hormonal conditions. For m-CPP trained rats, latency to first lever-press response was also tested. Results: sham and estradiol-replaced female rats had higher ED50s for discrimination of the PTZ or m-CPP IDS than intact males or OVX rats. There is a dose-related impairment of operant responding after mCPP injection. Sham and estradiol replaced OVX rats showed an increased delay to the initiation of response after m-CPP injection as compared to sham or castrated male rats or OVX rats that showed no effect at the doses tested. Rats then received a chronic ethanol diet (6.5%) for 10 days. At twelve hours of ethanol withdrawl, they were tested for lever selection after saline injection. Fewer sham female and estradiol-replaced female rats responded on the drug lever during acute EW as compared to sham male, castrated or OVX rats. In general, the anxiogenic drug lever selection of OVX rats resembled that of male rats but was restored toward that of sham female rats by estradiol replacement. Castration did not alter the response of male rats to either PTZ or mCPP. Serum β –estradiol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay for sham, OVX, and estradiol-replaced female rats. The concentration was significantly higher in hormone-replaced female rats than in OVX. The estradiol concentration in sham female rats showed a cyclic pattern over 4 consecutive days, but this pattern did not correlate with any difference in IDS. Blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was determined using head space gas chromatography. BEC was higher in intact female rats than in intact male rats after ethanol injection (2 g/kg, ip), but did not differ during EW. Conclusions: females produce less anxiogenic IDS in response to either GABA inhibition or 5-HT1b/2 activation, but are more impaired by m-CPP in their ability to initiate operant responses than male rats. In addition, fewer intact females developed a spontaneous IDS during EW than males which is not the result of lower BEC. Estrogen appears to play a trophic role in altering responsiveness to anxiogenic stimuli.Item STAT6 and Its Relationship with PSA and Annexin A2 in Human Prostate Cancer(2008-05-01) Roth, Cherice P.; Singh, Meharvan; Jones, Harlan P.; Sharma, RajendraRoth, Cherice, STAT6 and its relationship with PSA and Annexin A2 in Human Prostate Cancer. Master of Science (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology), May 2008, 49 pages, 13 illustrations, reference list, 54 titles. The increase of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) has been correlated with increased prostate tumor size as well as Gleason score. This molecule’s exact role in prostate cancer is still unknown. This research focused on the relationships of STAT6 in prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression as well as its novel interaction with annexin A2. These data show that STAT6 is involved in an alternate PSA expression pathway. It is also concluded that the interaction of STAT6 and annexin A2 increased the activated STAT6 (p-STAT) but not total STAT6. Chromatin immunoprecipitation also confirmed the novel protein-protein interaction between STAT6 and annexin A2 is nuclear.Item Synergy 2008: Annual Research Report(2008-01-01)