The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US

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dc.creatorHasan Bhuiyan, Mohammad Tawhidul
dc.creatorMahmud Khan, Irtesam
dc.creatorRahman Jony, Sheikh Saifur
dc.creatorRobinson, Renee
dc.creatorNguyen, Uyen-Sa D.T.
dc.creatorKeellings, David
dc.creatorRahman, M. Sohel
dc.creatorHaque, Ubydul
dc.creator.orcid0000-0002-7413-1017 (Haque, Ubydul)
dc.creator.orcid0000-0003-2715-9073 (Nguyen, Uyen-Sa D. T.)
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-06T20:07:19Z
dc.date.available2022-09-06T20:07:19Z
dc.date.issued2021-12-02
dc.description.abstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had an unprecedented effect, especially among under-resourced minority communities. Surveillance of those at high risk is critical for preventing and controlling the pandemic. We must better understand the relationships between COVID-19-related cases or deaths and characteristics in our most vulnerable population that put them at risk to target COVID-19 prevention and management efforts. Population characteristics strongly related to United States (US) county-level data on COVID-19 cases and deaths during all stages of the pandemic were identified from the onset of the epidemic and included county-level socio-demographic and comorbidities data, as well as daily meteorological modeled observation data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the NARR high spatial resolution model to assess the environment. Advanced machine learning (ML) approaches were used to identify outbreaks (geographic clusters of COVID-19) and included spatiotemporal risk factors and COVID-19 vaccination efforts, especially among vulnerable and underserved communities. COVID-19 outcomes were found to be negatively associated with the number of people vaccinated and positively associated with age, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the minority population. There was also a strong positive correlation between unauthorized immigrants and the prevalence of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Meteorological variables were also investigated, but correlations with COVID-19 were relatively weak. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 has had a disproportionate impact across the US population among vulnerable and minority communities. Findings also emphasize the importance of vaccinations and tailored public health initiatives (e.g., mask mandates, vaccination) to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and the number of COVID-19 related deaths across all populations.
dc.description.sponsorshipNo external funding was available for this study. U.H. was supported by the Research Council of Norway (grant # 281077).
dc.identifier.citationHasan Bhuiyan, M. T., Mahmud Khan, I., Rahman Jony, S. S., Robinson, R., Nguyen, U., Keellings, D., Rahman, M. S., & Haque, U. (2021). The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(23), 12708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312708
dc.identifier.issn1660-4601
dc.identifier.issue23
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12503/31676
dc.identifier.volume18
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312708
dc.rights.holder© 2021 by the authors.
dc.rights.licenseAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
dc.subjectUSA
dc.subjectenvironment
dc.subjectunauthorized
dc.subjectvaccine
dc.subject.meshCOVID-19 Vaccines
dc.subject.meshCOVID-19|Ethnic and Racial Minorities
dc.subject.meshHumans
dc.subject.meshSARS-CoV-2
dc.subject.meshUndocumented Immigrants
dc.subject.meshUnited States / epidemiology
dc.subject.meshEthnic and Racial Minorities
dc.titleThe Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 among Undocumented Immigrants and Racial Minorities in the US
dc.typeArticle
dc.type.materialtext

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