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Item A CADAVERIC STUDY OF HEAD AND NECK NEUROVASCULAR ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS(2014-03) Wehring, Spencer; Kirchhoff, Claire A.This study reports the incidence of head and neck neurovascular branching variations. While there is an extensive literature on the incidence of many anatomical variations because of their relevance to surgical cases, the incidence of some variations are still unknown. In addition, whether the incidence of variations differs between samples is under-explored. We therefore set out to determine whether incidence of neurovascular branching variations in a cadaveric sample in north Texas match previously reported findings, and also to document variations in the location of the vagus nerve, which has not been reported previously. Purpose (a): While anatomical variations have long been documented because of their surgical relevance, some remain unknown. In addition, between-sample differences in the incidence of variations is under-explored. We tested whether incidence of head and neck neurovascular branching variations in a cadaveric sample from UNTHSC match previous findings. We also document previously unreported positional variations for the vagus nerve. Methods (b): First-year students from the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine recorded neurovascular variations using a standardized data sheet during their dissections. Cadavers in this study (n=29) were donated through the University of North Texas Health Science Center Willed Body Program. Results (c): The ascending pharyngeal artery branched from the external carotid artery (ECA) in 74% of cases, from the common carotid artery (CCA) in 11%. The lingual artery branched from the ECA in 82% of cases; 6% shared a common trunk with the facial artery. The vagus nerve was located between the CCA and internal jugular vein in 62% of cases, posterior to the internal jugular vein in 24%, and anterior to the CCA in 4%. Conclusions (d): Incidence of arterial branching variations mostly fell within previously reported ranges (Bergman, 1996). Differences with previous work are attributable to the small sample size of this study, which emphasizes the need for large samples when estimating the frequency of a variation. We also report information on positional variation of the vagus nerve. These data must be treated with caution due to possible inter-observer error, but further investigation of vagus nerve positional variation is warranted due to implications for patient safety.Item A PROPOSED MODEL FOR POST-APPROVAL MONITORING (PAM) OF INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL IN AN ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT(2014-03) Uche, Uloma I.; Nair, MayaThe main goal of this project is to develop inspection program over research work involving biological agents and to ensure compliance with National Institute of Health guidelines. Purpose (a): Hypothesis: I hypothesize that a well-defined model for post-approval monitoring will enhance the efficiency of biosafety program. Purpose: To ensure that approved protocols are appropriately executed and any changes are reported for approval. Methods (b): Materials: Approved protocols/IBC application. Forms to conduct the post approval monitoring. A program out line or Post approval monitoring. An evaluation process or tool to validate the efficiency of the proposed model. Methods: Prior to PAM, a project protocol has to be approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) and the principal Investigator proceeds with the research. With the current Biosfaty program at UNTHSC, the institutional biosafety officer will conduct an annual inspection of each of these laboratories with containment level BSL2 and BSL2+. We are proposing to develop a model for PAM of Biosafety protocols. The process involve the following steps. Critically examined the existing biosafety auditing program. Research on existing biosafety auditing program in other academic institutions in Texas. Development of the proposed model for Post Approval monitoring program. Timeline and major steps involved in the proposed model are: Inspection of the laboratory and laboratory procedures of the on-going research for compliance must be done by the Biosafety officer within 2-3 weeks after the protocol approval. The crucial component of this inspection will be an on the spot education about any deficiencies identified during the inspection. After the first year of approval, a thorough review of the protocol and laboratory procedures should be conducted by an assigned member of the institutional biosafety committee. Post-visit communication to the principal investigator about any deficiency or compliance found should be recorded and communicated with the principal investigator. Any training requirement should be communicated effectively. Finally towards the end of the research, another lab procedure evaluation should be conducted. Results (c): Results: From the post-approval monitoring, there will be compliance with IBC policies/NIH guidelines and the facility and laboratory workers will be protected from hazardous materials. Conclusions (d): Conclusion: Institutional Biosafety protocol guides and ensures safety and compliance with policies. An efficient post-approval monitoring would be a tool to assist the IBC with its obligations and facilitate a successful program oversight.Item ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE LATERAL THORACIC ARTERY: WHAT THE TEXTBOOKS AREN'T TELLING YOU(2014-03) Miller, Kendall R.; Kirchhoff, Claire A.The lateral thoracic artery is the blood supply to the serratus anterior muscle and is typically described as arising directly from the second part of the axillary artery. Students expect to find this “normal” branching pattern, as variations are seldom mentioned. Variations are, however, relatively common, suggesting that they merit inclusion in regular anatomical instruction. Students at the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine completed a standardized data sheet on the axillary artery branches during axillary dissection. All cadavers used in this study were acquired through the Willed Body Program at the University of North Texas Health Science Center (n=80; 20 males, 20 females). An observable lateral thoracic artery directly branching from the second part of the axillary artery was found in only 48% of the axillae observed. In 46% of axillae, an artery was observed traveling to the serratus anterior muscle branching from the thoracodorsal artery. In 25% of axillae, the lateral thoracic artery from the axillary artery was doubled by an artery branching from the thoracodorsal artery. In approximately half of all axillae, the lateral thoracic artery was observed to branch from the thoracodorsal artery rather than branching directly from the axillary artery, as “normally” expected. These results support previous work on variations of the lateral thoracic artery. Given the high frequency of anatomical variations, we also propose that information on variations ought to be incorporated into anatomical education.Item ANTIBODY ENCAPSULATION WITHIN POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES(2014-03) Gdowski, Andrew; Ranjan, Amalendu; Mukerjee, Anindita; Vishwanatha, JamboorAntibodies represent a large class of drugs that have a number of different therapeutic uses. However, side effects can persist due to off target toxicity that may result when the antibody affects a tissue other than where it is intended to act. The use of targeted nanoparticles is one potential way to deliver an antibody to a specific organ where the antibody can be released in a controlled manner and limit side effects. Purpose (a): The purpose of this study is to characterize a human monoclonal antibody encapsulated within a poly(lactic-co-glycolytic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticle. We hypothesized that encapsulation of an antibody within PLGA nanoparticles is feasible and will release in a favorable manner. Methods (b): AnnexinA2 (AnxA2) IgG antibody was encapsulated within PLGA nanoparticles. Encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics were determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and coomassie brilliant blue staining. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) from Malvern Zetasizer was used to determine hydrodynamic size and zetapotential. Western blot was accomplished with cell lysates from known AnxA2 expressing cell lines to determine functionality of antibody once released from PLGA nanoparticles. Results (c): Our results show acceptable encapsulation efficiency of AnxA2 within the PLGA nanoparticle. Nanoparticles were formed in a favorable monodisperse manner. Release experiments demonstrate that AnxA2 is released in a controlled manner over a period of 15 days. In addition after release the antibody maintained functionality as evidenced through Western Blot analysis. Conclusions (d): We conclude that encapsulation of IgG monoclonal antibodies is feasible, exhibits sustained release kinetics, and maintains functionality upon release. Further, this encapsulation technique may be used as a method to load antibodies in targeted nanoparticles for release in a tissue specific manner.Item ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLANTAR TEMPERATURE INCREASE AND PLANTAR SHEAR STRESSES IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS(2014-03) Brem, Ryan; Bawa, Binky; Master, Hiral; Flyzik, Michael; Yavuz, MetinUnnoticed repetitive plantar stresses are believed to cause diabetic foot ulcers. In severe cases, the development of these foot ulcers can lead to lower extremity amputations. The measurement of vertical plantar pressure has previously been used to predict where ulcers may develop, but was eventually determined to be a poor predictor of these occurrences. Shear is an additional element of plantar stresses that has not been thoroughly investigated due to the lack of available stress platforms with the capability of measuring the horizontal component stresses. Previous investigations have implemented the use of plantar temperature profiles in an attempt to develop an alternative method for determining plantar loading. Increases in temperature were seen and may have been a result of friction from plantar shear forces according to these reports. However, the potential relationship between temperature and shear has not been investigated thoroughly. If significant associations can be determined between the location and magnitude of both peak shear and temperature, researchers and clinicians may develop a better understanding of diabetic foot ulcer formation which could potentially lead to improvements in therapeutic footwear. Purpose (a): Sites of increased plantar temperature have been suggested to indicate plantar loading in previous investigations. However, this idea has not been successfully validated. The purpose of this study was to determine if a linear relationship existed between walking-induced increases in plantar temperature and measured plantar stresses. Significant relationships between the two variables would suggest thermographs to be an effective tool used to assess plantar tri-axial and/or shear loading, potentially leading to significant advancements in the study of biomechanical factors related to the diabetic amputations. Methods (b): Thirteen healthy participants were recruited, and informed consent was obtained prior to the study. Pre-exercise baseline plantar temperature profiles were measured with the use of an infrared thermal camera. Participants were then asked to walk on a custom-built platform that was used to measure tri-axial plantar stress distributions. Subjects then walked barefoot on a treadmill for 10 minutes. Post-exercise temperature distribution was measured and recorded. After all data were collected, sites of increased peak temperature and peak stress for each foot were documented. The frequency in which the two different sites matched was determined. In addition, increased peak temperature values were correlated against plantar stress magnitudes. Results (c): Peak temperature increase site matched the location of peak shear in 23% of participants. Peak temperature increase site also occurred at the peak resultant stress site in 39% of participants. A significant correlation was found between the magnitudes of temperature increase and peak shear (R = 0.78, p = 0.02). Conclusions (d): A moderate linear relationship was established between peak plantar temperature increase and the horizontal component of plantar stresses. It may be useful to explore a potential non-linear association between these two variables. If a non-linear relationship can be modeled, predicting plantar shear may be possible. The ability to predict plantar shear could allow for assistance in assessing the risk of ulcer development in the diabetic foot and subsequent amputation. Thermographs are still not a reliable source for the prediction of shear, but our initial results warrant further investigation.Item BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TMJ(2014-03) Belmares, Ricardo; Lerma, Tanya; Guttmann, Geoffret; Taylor, Victor W.Objective of this project is to determine the composition of the the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) from dissected human cadaver that will be essential for the development of stem cell therapy for individuals with diseased TMJ. This study aims to obtain a better understanding of the components that surround the cells in the TMJ. The components being studied include: collagen, elastin, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. These molecules surround the cells forming a matrix that hold the TMJ intact. Understanding the exact composition of the TMJ matrix will is key to developing stem cell therapy for TMJ. Methods: Biochemical: Human TMJ discs and attachments were dissected from recently deceased bodies and analyzed both histologically and biochemically. Samples dry weight obtained. Follow up studies include: measuring DNA content, collagen, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. All these will be done using commercially available kits. Histological: Histological preparations were made with various stains: Alcian Blue for assay acidic glycans; Verhoeff’s Elastic (VEG); and Hematoxylin Eosin (H&E). Results: Elastin composition of human samples show differences compared to previous pig studies. TMJ disc has a denser matrix with less elastic fibers than the TMJ attachments. TMJ attachments have more visible nuclei than disc with H&E staining. TMJ complex is saturated with sulfated GAGs. Conclusion: This study shows that matrix composition of human TMJ may differ from previous pig studies. Further studies from human samples using various ages can better elucidate the matrix composition for targeted human TMJ stem cell therapy. Purpose (a): Objective: Characterizing biochemical and histological composition of the human temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) disc is essential to development of stem cell therapy for diseased TMJ. Components of extracellular matrix (ECM) analyzed are elastin, collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Methods (b): Biochemical: Human TMJ discs were dissected from recently deceased bodies and analyzed histologically and biochemically. Five regions of the disc and six distal attachments examined. Following dissection, wet weights recorded. Samples lyophilized to obtain dry weight. Dried samples were digested in a 125mg/mL papain solution overnight at 600C. Follow up studies include: DNA content (measured with the Quant-iT Picrogreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen). Following hydrolysis with 4N NaOH for 20 minutes at 110 0C, collagen content to be quantified with modified chloramine-T hydroxyproline assay. Sulfated GAG content will be quantified using Blyscan Glycosaminoglycan Assay Kit (Accurate Chemical and Scientific Corp.). N= 6 samples per group for all biochemical analysis. Histological: Histological preparations were made with various stains: Alcian Blue for assay acidic glycans; Verhoeff’s Elastic (VEG); and Hematoxylin Eosin (H&E). Results (c): Elastin composition of human samples show differences compared to previous porcine studies. TMJ disc has a denser matrix with less elastic fibers than distal attachments. TMJ attachments have more visible nuclei than disc with H&E staining. TMJ complex is saturated with sulfated GAGs. Conclusions (d): This study shows that ECM composition of human TMJ may differ from previous porcine studies. Further studies from human samples using various ages can further elucidate the ECM composition for targeted human TMJ stem cell therapy.Item CAN PERFUSION MRI PERFORMED IN THE EARLY STAGES OF LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE PREDICT LATERAL PILLAR INVOLVEMENT?(2014-03) Wiesman, Kathryn; Kim, Harry; Kulkarni, Vedant; Burgess, JamiePurpose (a): Radiographic prognosticators of outcome for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD), e.g. lateral pillar classification, cannot be applied at the early stages, which is suboptimal since significant deformity of the femoral head can occur. The purpose of this study was to determine if perfusion MRI measurements of the femoral epiphysis obtained at the early stages of LCPD can predict the radiographic lateral pillar involvement at the maximum fragmentation stage. Methods (b): Twenty-nine patients were prospectively enrolled and had gadolinium-enhanced perfusion MRI in the early stages and were radiographically followed. Observers measured percent perfusion of the femoral head using MRI analysis software. Percent perfusion of the lateral third of the epiphysis was measured. Radiographs obtained at maximum fragmentation stage were used for the lateral pillar classification. Intraclass correlation coefficient and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results (c): Mean age was 7.7±1.7 years (range 5.3-11.3 years). The mean time between MRI and the xray at maximum fragmentation was 8.2±5.5 months. Intraclass correlation of MRI measurements was 0.90 (95% CI of 0.83-0.95). In the hips that developed the lateral pillar A, B, or C, the mean percent perfusion of the lateral third of the epiphysis was 92±2%, 68±18%, and 46±12%, respectively (p=0.001). At the perfusion level of 90% and above in the lateral third of the epiphysis, the odds ratio of developing lateral pillar A vs. B or C was 72.0. At the perfusion level of 55% and below in the lateral third of the epiphysis head, the odds ratio of developing lateral pillar C vs A or B was 33.3. Conclusions (d): The lateral third epiphyseal perfusion measurements obtained at the early stages of LCPD using perfusion MRI were predictive of lateral pillar involvement at the maximum fragmentation stage. Significance: Perfusion MRI obtained early in LCPD may yield prognostic information to guide treatment decisions.Item CASE STUDY OF AN ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE(2014-03) Jones, Michelle; Kalathil, JosinDuring a dissection for anatomical understanding, we discovered an extra head to the biceps brachii muscle on one arm of our cadaver. Purpose (a): As part of a dissection aiming to increase anatomical understanding of the muscles and movements of the upper arm, a unilateral anatomical variation of the biceps brachii muscle was detected. A case study of the variant is presented. Methods (b): The dissection was performed on both embalmed arms of a 77 year old Caucasian female cadaver donated through the Willed Body Program at the University of North Texas Health Science Center. The epithelium and fascia were removed, and the pectoralis muscles, teres minor, and the deltoid were reflected in order to clearly view the underlying muscles along with their blood supplies and innervations. Results (c): Of the two arms observed, one was found to have an accessory muscle in the anterior arm. This muscle was located deep to the long head of the biceps brachii and distal to the attachment of the coracobrachialis. A branch of the musculocutaneous nerve provided innervation to this muscle, while blood was supplied by a branch from the brachial artery. Upon inspection, the origin appeared to be medial on the mid-shaft of the humerus. The muscle then merged and inserted into the radial tuberosity by a common tendon with the biceps brachii. Conclusions (d): This anatomic variant, known as supernumerary head of the biceps brachii, has been well documented in medical literature. Studies of the biceps brachii note that variation usually occurs with the origin of the supernumerary head and that it maintains a common insertion. The origin of the anomaly discovered and the fact that it is unilateral makes it one of the more commonly seen variations of the biceps brachii muscle.Item CHANGE IN FORCE BETWEEN ILIOTIBIAL BAND CUT AND GLUTEUS MAXIMUS TENDON CUT(2014-03) Taylor, Victor W. II; Reeves, Rustin E.; Belmares, Ricardo; Guttmann, Geoffrey; Wood, Addison; Crofford, TheodoreIntroduction: Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) is a hip pain due to repeated trauma to bursa on the greater trochanter. Surgical procedure cut the iliotibial band (IT band) in order to relieve the pressure around the greater trochanter. However, the IT band may not be the primary cause of GTPS. It is hypothesized the tendon of the gluteus maximus (gmax) tendon is the primary cause of GTPS. Materials: Force sensor test on the greater trochanter was performed on fresh cadavers. Cadavers were stabilized by the hip on a gurney. The skin on the top half of the thigh is reflected and cleans to expose the iliotibial band (IT band). Incision is made between the IT band and tensor fascia lata, and a force sensor from Tekscan was placed on the greater trochanter. Three measurements were done: Normal, IT cut, and gmax cut. Measurements will be made from 0o to 20o flexion and extension in increments of 10o three times, each at a fixed 0o, 10o, and 15o adduction. SPSS was used for statistical calculation. Summary: 6 hips (3 cadavers) were observed. There were no significance between normal and IT cut, as well as, between the normal and gmax cut. There were significant difference between gmax and IT cut at 0o adduction (p=.03) and 0o adduction, 10o flexion (p=.01). Conclusion: This study will help to develop new treatment approach to GTPS. More data will be collected in the future.Item CHANGING HEALTH BEHAVIORS IN FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS: A PRE- AND POST- ANALYSIS(2014-03) Stone, Chelsea K.; Trammell, Randall H.; Smith, Michael L.; Fulda, KimberlyPurpose (a): First year medical students begin their classroom studies with ideals of providing healthcare while exemplifying the healthy habits they wish to impart to their patients. The reality is that this high pressure educational environment followed by 3-8 years of post-doctoral training has great potential to lead students down the path of poor health behaviors. Ample research supports a correlation between high stress situations and declining self-care behaviors. A trending cause of concern is the recent surge in energy drink consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate first year medical students’ health habits, their perception of stress and its relationship with energy drink consumption. We hypothesize that first year medical students energy drink consumption is associated with less positive health behaviors upon reassessment during medical school. Methods (b): This study involved administration of two surveys to the incoming class of UNTHSC Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine. The pre-survey, distributed during orientation week, was completed by 221 first year medical students. Subjects were recruited with a brief oral speech provided by the principal investigator informing them that their participation was voluntary. Near the conclusion of the first semester, the survey was re-administered and 123 students completed the survey. Comparative analyses included only those subjects who completed both the pre and post surveys (n=123), consisting of 58 males and 65 females ranging from ages 21-41 with a mean age of 24+3 years. Frequency analysis were run on each of the variable categories based on the ranges listed on the survey. A dependent samples T-test was used to compare the Perceived Stress Scale between pre and post surveys. Nonparametric McNemar Tests were used to compare pre and post variables of typical hours per sleep in a 24- hour day, days per week exercised and whether the subject consumed energy drinks within the past month. An alpha of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results (c): The Perceived Stress Scale increased from a mean score of 12.9+5.8 to 18.2+6.5 (p<0.01). The pre-test report of sleep duration was 26.8% slept ≤ 6 hours and 73.2% slept 7 hours or more. The post- test indicated a significant decrease (p<0.01) in sleep with 53.7% sleeping 6 hours or less and 46.3% sleeping 7 hours or more. Similarly, with the pre-test, 36.9% reported exercising less than 2 days per week, 44.3% 3-4 times per week, 16.4% 5-6 times per week and 2.5% 7 days per week, and these rates shifted to 61.9% reported exercising less than 2 days per week, 27.4% 3-4 days per week, 8.8% 5-6 days per week and 1.8% 7 days per week. Finally, energy drink consumption increased from 29.3% at pre-test to 40.7% in the post-test analysis (p< 0.01). Conclusions (d): Subject responses regarding the changes in health behaviors during the first semester of medical school show significant differences when compared to the data gathered before the semester began. Decreased sleep and exercise, as well as an increase in perceived stress and energy drink consumption support our hypothesis that increased energy drink consumption is associated with less positive health behaviors.Item CLINICAL VALUE OF TEMPERATURE IN ASSESSING FOOT LOADING IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT NEUROPATHY(2014-03) Master, Hiral; Brem, Ryan; Bawa, Binky; Flyzik, Michael; Yavuz, MetinUnnoticed repetitive plantar stresses are believed to cause diabetic foot ulcers. In severe cases, the development of these foot ulcers can lead to lower extremity amputations. The measurement of vertical plantar pressure has previously been used to predict where ulcers may develop, but was eventually determined to be a poor predictor of these occurrences. Shear is an additional element of plantar stresses that has not been thoroughly investigated due to the lack of available stress platforms with the capability of measuring the horizontal component stresses. In a limited number of studies higher shear stresses have been found in diabetic patients. Previous investigations have implemented the use of plantar temperature profiles in an attempt to develop an alternative method for determining plantar loading. Increases in temperature were seen and may have been a result of friction from plantar shear forces according to these reports. However, the potential relationship between temperature and shear has not been investigated thoroughly. If significant associations can be determined between the location and magnitude of both peak shear and temperature, researchers and clinicians may develop a better understanding of diabetic foot ulcer formation which could potentially lead to improvements in therapeutic footwear. Purpose (a): Diabetic ulcers lead to an estimated 100,000 amputations every year in the United States. Ulcers are known to have a biomechanical etiology that relates to three dimensional ground reaction forces/stresses. Among these stresses, horizontal shear stress cannot be easily quantified. It was hypothesized that plantar temperatures can estimate shear loading of the foot. The purpose of this study was to explore a site-wise association between peak plantar temperature and peak pressure and shear stresses obtained from diabetic patients using a thermal camera and custom-built pressure-shear plate. If confirmed, thermographs can assist clinicians/researchers in preventing diabetic ulcer related amputations. Methods (b): Two groups, each consisting of 14 diabetic patients with neuropathy (DN) or without neuropathy (DC), were recruited for the study after informed consent was obtained. Resting foot sole temperatures were recorded using an infrared thermal camera. Subjects walked on a 12 ft. walkway that accommodated the stress plate. Stress variables such as peak pressure (PP), peak shear (PS), peak pressure integral time (PTI) and peak shear-time integral (STI) were recorded from five regions of the foot (i.e., hallux, lesser toes, first metatarsal head (1st MTH), central forefoot (2nd and 3rd MTH) and lateral forefoot (4th and 5th MTH)). Results (c): Pearson correlation analysis between each stress variable against temperature were statistically significant (p<0.05) in both groups. The r values ranged between .405 and .511. Despite significant correlation results, peak temperatures could not successfully identify peak stress locations in group DN (14-57%). Success rates were higher for the DC group (50-86%). Conclusions (d): The potential association between plantar stresses and temperature is thought to have a complicated and non-linear relationship. Appropriate modeling schemes can be implemented to explore such relationships. Thus our results warrant further investigation on this topic.Item DIETARY INTAKE AND RELATED ATTITUDES TOWARD HEALTHY EATING DIFFER BETWEEN AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND HISPANIC UNDERSERVED YOUTH(2014-03) Proffitt Leyva, Randi; Franks, SusanPurpose (a): Underserved African-American (AA) and Hispanic youth are disproportionally affected by obesity. This comparative study examined dietary intake and attitudes toward healthy food intake between AA and Hispanic underserved youth. Methods (b): Participants (n=112) ages 8 to 12 (X= 9.2) were assessed prior to beginning an after-school obesity prevention program at various community centers in Fort Worth, Texas. Forty-two percent were normal weight and 58% were overweight or obese. Youth completed a 24-hour dietary recall, and cumulative scores for Healthy Food (HF) and Unhealthy Food (UF) intake were obtained. Self-report surveys included confidence for increasing fruit/vegetable intake (FV) and for reducing fat intake (FAT), and intrinsic motivation for healthy eating (MOT). Differences between Hispanic and AA youth for HF, UF, MOT, FV and FAT were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U. Relationships among variables were analyzed using Spearman correlation. Bonferroni correction was applied. Results (c): AA as compared to Hispanic youth reported less HF (p=.003). Between group comparisons for other variables were non-significant. HF was correlated with FV for AA (r=.395, p=.003) and Hispanics (r=.452, p=.001), and with MOT for AA (r=.419, p=.002). All other correlations were non-significant. Conclusions (d): Among underserved youth, AA may be consuming much less healthy food than Hispanics. Although they did not differ in motivation or confidence for healthy eating, intake of healthy food appears highly related to degree of confidence for choosing fruits and vegetables for both groups. A focus on improvement in motivation also may be valuable in improving healthy food intake for AA. Results have implications for the development of culturally sensitive dietary interventions.Item DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF A BIO-INSPIRED SURGICAL ADHESIVE(2014-03) Hoffman, Jason T.; Carter, Brian; Kosmopoulos, Victor; Schetz, John A.Our main focus is to develop a bio-inspired adhesive to be used within a surgical environment to facilitate accelerated healing. This would be beneficial for securing bone fragments, in conjunction with a plate or screw, or anchoring other tissues. Purpose (a): Our goal is to develop an adhesive for securing bone to bone, metal to bone, and tissue to bone. As the aging population increases, the number of fractures due to falls and loss of bone density will increase. The incidence of bone fractures in elderly women, ages 50-79, exceeds the combined incidents for all types of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Although there are bone “fillers” (e.g., putties, cements and fillers), there are currently no true adhesives for bone. Drawbacks of current filler-type products complicating their use include the need to completely dry bone prior to application and high curing temperatures which can damage surrounding tissue. Methods (b): In light of naturally-occurring glues from aquatic mussels being able to harden underwater, we adapted the same type of chemistries for our approach. Specifically, we utilized catechol-like chemistries to strengthen protein-based adhesives. A bone surrogate model consisting of hydroxyapatite was employed to measure the tensile strength. Results (c): In previous proof of concept stages, we were able to secure bone to bone but were able to achieve only a small fraction of our target adhesive strength. Using new protein-based approaches we have improved our technology to obtain thousand-fold higher tensile strengths. Conclusions (d): We envision future applications of this adhesive medical device technology to include bone reconstruction, securing screws and metal plates to bone, and cartilage or ligaments to bone. Having a bone adhesive with sufficient strength to serve as a stabilizing force for immediate weight bearing would promote bone regrowth and accelerated healing.Item DOES RESEARCH TOPIC OF INTEREST DIFFER BY GENDER AND RACE/ETHNICITY? RESULTS FROM THE NORTEX REGISTRY PROJECT.(2014-03) Shabu, Tanjina; Fulda, Kimberly; Espionza, Anna; Roberto CardarelliThis study is being conducted to assess the difference in research interest between race and gender. Ultimately this will help the NorTex researchers to conduct research in the areas of interest to the community. Purpose (a): NorTex is a collaboration of over 110 clinics that conduct research important to primary care, public health, and the community. The purpose of the NorTex Registry Project (NRP) is to develop and maintain a database of individuals who may be contacted for future NorTex studies. The current study examined gender and racial/ethnic differences in research topics of interest for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health among NRP participants. Methods (b): Patients 18 years or older at participating clinics may complete a 4X6 index card (English or Spanish) giving permission to be contacted for NorTex studies. Index cards include contact information, demographic information, medical problems, and topics on which the participant would like more research conducted. Chi-square analysis was performed to determine differences in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental health research interest by gender and race/ethnicity. Results (c): The NRP includes a total of 1285 participants. Of these, 901(70.1%) are female, 470(36.6%) are Caucasian, 409(31.8%) African American, 297(23.1%) Hispanic, and 109(8.5%) other. 265(76.6%) males and 612(68.3%) females (p=0.004) are interested in cardiovascular disease (CVD) research. 189(54.6%) males and 417(46.5%) females are interested in diabetes research (p=0.011). Racial/ethnic differences exist for interest in diabetes (p<0.001) and mental health (p=0.001) research. No other differences were observed. Conclusions (d): There is a significant difference in research interest between races/ethnicities for diabetes and mental health. Gender differences exist for interest in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These findings will allow NorTex to conduct research in areas of interest to the community.Item DOES SAMPLE SIZE AFFECT ANATOMICAL VARIATION REPORTS? CASE STUDY: ACCESSORY RENAL ARTERIES(2014-03) Chaudhary, Parul; Kirchhoff, Claire A.Knowledge of variations in vascularization is essential for surgical procedures. Each kidney is normally supplied by a single artery arising from the abdominal aorta. Previous work indicates that an additional artery may supply the kidney in 9-76% of cases. We present a cadaveric study on incidence of accessory renal arteries, highlighting how sample size may affect variation in the reported incidence across studies. We hypothesize that the wide range of reported incidences may be skewed by small sample sizes. We propose a minimum required sample size for investigating the incidence of anatomical variations. Presence/absence and location of accessory renal arteries was recorded using a standardized data sheet by 1st year students from the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine. Cadavers (n=34) observed for this study were acquired through the UNTHSC Willed Body Program. Z-score and chi-square tests were employed to compare results to previous work. Of the 34 cadavers examined, 12 (35%) had accessory renal arteries. A similar incidence (30%) is reported by Bergman et al. (2014) based on 45 studies they compiled. However, a methodologically similar study by Saritha et al. (2013) reported a much lower incidence of 12%. We hypothesize that Saritha et al.’s results are divergent from this study despite similar methodologies because of a smaller sample size (n=25). This may guide us towards a better understanding of what constitutes a representative sample in studies of anatomical variation, and propose that samples larger than 30 individuals are required to accurately reflect population-level incidence of anatomical variations.Item DOSE-RESPONSE PATTERN OF REWARD OF THREE SUBSTITUTED CATHINONES(2014-03) Dolan, Sean B.; Gatch, Michael B.Synthetic cathinones, sold online and in head shops as “bath salts,” have seen a tremendous increase in popularity since 2007. Consequently, the number of cathinone-related hospitalizations has increased, hitting a peak in 2011. Unfortunately, there has been very little research done regarding the behavioral effects of these drugs. The current study aimed to examine the rewarding effect of three cathinones: MDAI, flephedrone (4-FMC), and butylone. The rewarding effects were measured in a conditioned place preference test. In conditioned place preference, mice, animals regularly used as models for human behavior, are placed in one environment while under the influence of a drug, and in another while not. Before being exposed to the drug, animals are given free access to both environments, the time spent in either environment is recorded, and the environment in which less time is spent is designated the drug-paired environment. After multiple drug/nondrug environment pairings, the mice are, once again, given access to both environments and the time spent in the drug-paired environment is measured. If the time in the drug environment increases after drug exposure, the drug is said to have rewarding effects. Each of the cathinones tested produced an increase in time spent in the drug-paired environment. MDAI produced a plateau effect. Butylone produced a dose-dependent increase in time spent on the drug-paired floor. Flephedrone produced an inverted-U dose-response curve These results suggest that MDAI, flephedrone, and butylone produce rewarding effects. Given earlier findings that these compounds produced cocaine- and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects, they have a strong potential to be abused. Purpose (a): Synthetic cathinones, sold online and in head shops as “bath salts,” have seen a tremendous increase in popularity since 2007. Consequently, the number of cathinone-related hospitalizations has increased, hitting a peak in 2011. Although cathinone usage and hospitalization has decreased since the Synthetic Drug Prevention Act was passed in 2012, the drugs remain popular amongst young people and dance club frequenters. While the literature on synthetic cathinones has been steadily accumulating, behavioral data still remains sparse, especially in regards to abuse liability. The current study examined the dose-dependent rewarding effects of three substituted cathinones: MDAI (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg), flephedrone (4-FMC, 3, 10, 30 mg/kg), and butylone (1, 3, 10 mg/kg). Methods (b): A biased conditioned place preference model of drug reward was utilized. For each drug, doses between 0.1-30 mg/kg were administered to generate a dose-response curve. Results (c): MDAI resulted in increased time on the drug-paired floor from 0.3-10 mg/kg, with 3 mg/kg yielding the largest increase. Flephedrone produced an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve with 10 mg/kg resulting in an increase in drug-paired floor time, but not 3 or 30 mg/kg. Butylone produced a dose-dependent increase in drug-paired floor time from 1 to 10 mg/kg. Conclusions (d): These results suggest that MDAI, flephedrone, and butylone produce rewarding effects. Given earlier findings that these compounds produced cocaine- and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects, they have a strong potential to be abused. Potency, efficacy, and dose-response pattern differed among the three drugs, with MDAI being the most potent, followed by butylone, then flephedrone.Item EFFECT OF TIBIAL SLOPE ON FLEXION AND FEMORAL ROLLBACK IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: A CADAVERIC STUDY(2014-03) Chambers, Andrew W.; Wood, Addison; Kosmopoulos, Victor; Sanchez, Hugo; Wagner, RussellPurpose (a): Reduced posterior tibial slope (PTS) and posterior tibiofemoral translation (PTFT) in posterior cruciate retaining (PCR) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to result in suboptimal postoperative knee flexion due to the occurrence of tibiofemoral impingement. Although reduced PTS and PTFT have been shown independently to negatively affect total knee flexion following TKA, there has never been a study to our knowledge that has shown the effect of PTS on PTFT. We evaluated the relationship between PTS, PTFT, and total knee flexion in a cadaveric model after TKA. Methods (b): We obtained nine transfemoral fresh frozen cadaver specimens and preformed a balanced PCR TKA. The pre-operative and post-operative PTS were precisely measured with c arm fluoroscopy and the post-operative PTS was changed in 1 degree increments using custom shims for the TKA trial components. We successively measured the total flexion using a motion tracking system in response to a 25 lb force applied to the hamstrings at 1 degree increments of posterior tibial slope (1-10 degrees). Relative PTFT was measured at maximal flexion with C-arm fluoroscopy. Results (c): We used Tukey ANOVA test to determine significant changes in flexion and PTFT as a function of PTS. We found that there was an average increase in flexion of 2.3 o per degree increase of PTS from 1o (1 degree) to 5 o (p. Conclusions (d): Small increases in PTS in the range of 1o to 5o appear to significantly increase knee flexion and PTFT. As the PTS is further increased above 5 o, these findings suggest that flexion and PTFT do not continue to increase significantly. This is the first study to find a direct relationship between PTS and PTFT. These findings may be explained by changes in PCL tension with different PTS. As the flexion gap is loosened above a threshold (5 o) with increased PTS, the relatively lax PCL likely fails to initiate PTFT and subsequent total knee flexion is subsequently decreased due to posterior tibiofemoral soft tissue impingement. Additionally, we did not observe a correlation between native PTS and optimal degree of post-operative PTS. Although these results suggest that increasing PTS above 5o does not improve flexion or PTFT, clinical judgment and proper flexion gap balancing remain paramount in maximizing post-operative knee flexion. In vivo studies will be necessary to further substantiate these conclusions.Item EVALUATING CLINIC TO COMMUNITY REFERRAL SYSTEMS TO ADDRESS OBESITY RELATED HEALTH DISPARITIES(2014-03) Taylor, Devynn A.; Waverka, Rachael; Mallaiah, Janhavi; Nguyen, Dawn; Fox, Doug; Kitzman-Ulrich, HeatherTo evaluate referral systems between clinic and community organizations in order to identify gaps for future implementation efforts in a primarily low-income and ethnic minority community. Purpose (a): The prevalence of obesity among high-socioeconomic status youth has decreased in recent years, whereas the prevalence of obesity among their low-socioeconomic status peers has continued to increase. Several programs and resources exist to provide obesity treatment, prevention and reductions in obesity related chronic diseases in youth. However, referral systems between these entities are often lacking. Thus, the goal of this project was to evaluate referral systems between clinic and community organizations in order to identify gaps for future implementation efforts in a primarily low-income, ethnic minority community. Methods (b): Assessment interviews were conducted with nineteen community organization members ranging from community and school-based organizational directors to clinical physicians. (Community-Based Organizations =5; Clinics =11; School-Based Organizations = 3). Four individuals were trained to administer surveys that assessed (1) access to healthcare facilities & preventative screenings (2) healthy eating (3) physical activity, (4) referral systems, and (5) chronic disease care. Results (c): Scores for each component were averaged per site, along with summing scores to create an overall indicator of clinic to community practices related to obesity-related health behaviors. The clinic to community assessments found an overall score of 62% (out of 100%) with PA screening, nutrition screening, chronic disease referral systems, and stroke care all falling below 60%. Tobacco screening (62%), chronic disease screening (68%), chronic disease education and counseling (67%), and pre-diabetes (71%) were all above 60%. Community-based organizations that provided outreach services (N=2) had very low levels of screening (0 – 1%), however both had high ratings related to chronic disease referrals (67% – 75%). Conclusions (d): To be successful in promoting health equity, we must close gaps between groups by offering better access through community organizations. Research is needed to determine how to improve the referral infrastructure between clinics, community-based, and school-based organizations to address obesity-related health disparities.Item EVALUATION OF STORM DRAIN SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR ABUNDANCE OF THE PRIMARY WEST NILE VIRUS VECTOR IN FORT WORTH(2014-03) Bhandarkar Srinivas, Kiran; Bennett, Brandon S.; Lee, Joon-HakPurpose (a): In order to better assess and control the risk of human exposure to the West Nile virus (WNV), it is necessary to identify breeding habitats of the WNV mosquito vector and understand habitat-associated environmental factors affecting dynamics of the mosquito population. In an urban setting, storm drain systems have been considered a primary breeding site for the primary WNV vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. The objective of this study was to associate the abundance of the primary West Nile virus vector with components of the urban storm drain system in Fort Worth. Methods (b): Weekly abundance of the primary WNV mosquito was monitored in 50 locations across the City of Fort Worth from June through October, 2013. The data on the storm drain systems was obtained from the City of Fort Worth. In order to test an association of the WNV primary vector abundance with each component of the City’s storm drain system, Spearman’s correlation, t-test or ANOVA was used. Results (c): Spearman’s correlation showed that more mosquitoes were captured at the collection sites that had a manhole within an area with 400 feet (ρ = 0.293, p-value = 0.039) from the collection site. The female Culex mosquito counts were considerably higher in areas that had a pond within the circled area of 800 feet (ρ = 0.303, p-value = 0.033) from the collection site. The number of storm drain inlets, in falls, outfalls and swimming pools however, had considerably lower number of captured mosquitoes. Further analysis was done using ANOVA and t-test to determine association. Significant association was seen with manholes at 400 feet (t= -2.320, p value = 0.025, df = 48) from the trapping site while inlets and ponds at any distance did not show any significant association. Conclusions (d): The number of storm drain inlets which is considered to be a primary breeding site for the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito does not have any relationship in determining the mosquito population. The presence of manhole or ponds appeared to have an influence on the vector population abundance. An increase in the sample size would be necessary to establish an association between the storm drain inlet and mosquito abundance.Item EVALUATION OF WEATHER FACTORS FOR ABUNDANCE OF THE PRIMARY WEST NILE VIRUS VECTOR IN FORT WORTH(2014-03) Bhandarkar Srinivas, Kiran; Bennett, Brandon S.; Lee, Joon-HakPurpose (a): INTRODUCTION: Vector-borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Filariasis and West Nile fever have been affecting millions of people around the world. In vector-borne diseases, vector distribution and abundance is critical factor to predict occurrence and magnitude of a vector-borne disease. West Nile encephalitis is a vector-borne disease of concern in Texas, particularly in the Dallas-Fort Worth region: however, little attempt has been made to associate the abundance of the vector population with local weather patterns. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to associate abundance of the primary West Nile virus vector, Culex quinequefasciatus, with local weather factors in the City of Fort Worth. Methods (b): Abundance of the primary WNV vector mosquito population was monitored by weekly mosquito trappings using CDC gravid mosquito traps. Fifty sites across the City of Fort Worth were selected to estimate abundance of the vector mosquito population and mosquito trappings were conducted from mid-April through end of October. Local weather data from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport were obtained from the National Climate Data Center. Pearson’s correlation was used to identify a linear relationship and determine the strength association between the mosquito abundance and the various components of weather. Results (c): Analysis showed a peak in the mosquito population during the months of June, July and September while the rest of the months had comparatively lower counts. These mosquito numbers showed to have strong positive linear relationships with weekly average (r = 0.703, p = 0.000), maximum (r = 0.704, p = 0.000) and minimum (r = 0.693, p = 0.000) temperatures and 3 day precipitation (r = 0.439, p = 0.022) while the weekly average wind speed (r = -0.453, p = 0.018) and minimum humidity (r = -0.390, p = 0.045) had significant negative correlations. Linear positive associations were also noticed with the 3 day temperature and collection day temperature averages. Conclusions (d): Weekly temperature averages and 3day precipitation are strongly associated with the abundance of the West Nile virus vector mosquito population while humidity and wind speed showed little effect on the vector abundance. Further analysis will be conducted.